It is known that, depending on how the speaker speaks or what purpose the speaker pursues, sentences in Russian can convey completely different meanings. For example, the intonation and purpose of a statement in the syntax “what is it” can mean:
- indignation - “what is it!” transmitting indignation of the speaker about what is happening;
- the question is “what is it?” requiring clarification.
By emphasizing the voice in different words, the speaker can also convey his subjective attitude to information.
Depending on what are the goals of the statement, the sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive.
Proposal concept
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by completeness. In writing, the latter is transmitted using a period, a question mark or exclamation mark, and in oral form - by intonation. Usually, at the end of a statement, it goes down.
Words included in sentences are connected grammatically with the help of prepositions and endings, as well as meaning. Each completed syntactic construction has a basis represented by its main members or one of them - subject and predicate, regardless of what the sentences are for the purpose of the statement.
Examples:
- Mom reads a book to her daughter. “Mom” is the subject, and “reads” is the predicate that conveys its action.
- It’s getting light on the street. Only the predicate is present in this sentence - it’s getting light.
- Winter. This design consists only of the subject.
Depending on what the statements should be, their purpose may be to convey a message, question or motivation.
Narrative Suggestions
This is the most common form of syntactic constructions, although it should be remembered that a narrative sentence said with a different intonation can go into the category of motivation or question.
These types of syntactic constructions are messages about occurring phenomena, facts or events, both affirmed and denied. For instance:
- The past day left painful memories about itself. In this utterance example, the purpose of the information is to convey a negative attitude towards the event.
- My sister was waiting on the bench while I energetically did exercises after a long run. In this design, the transmission of information occurs in two sentences connected with each other in meaning, reporting on the ongoing actions and having a neutral-positive coloration.
Typically, statements, the purpose of which is the provision of information, end in writing in period, and in oral speech in lowering the tone of voice.
Motivational Expressions
Depending on what proposals the author uses for the purpose of the statement, they can either prompt action or convey advice or recommendation, in which case they will be called incentive.
In such syntactic constructions, the impulse to action is carried out using verbs in the imperative mood or special particles, such as “let them go,” “come on,” “come on,” and others.
Motivating sentences for the purpose of the utterance (examples below) may end up with an exclamation point or a period. Depending on the intonation, they express:
- A plea - "Please let me go."
- Request - "Give me water."
- The order is “Get out of here!”.
- Wish - "Be healthy!".
- Advice - "Get a dog."
Speaking similar statements, the purpose of which is to push to action, the author affects the further commission of actions and the development of events.
Interrogative sentences
When a person wants to clarify or find out something, he asks a question. Depending on what proposals for the purpose of the statement are used and what the intended answer will be, they are divided into:
- General interrogative syntactic constructions whose task is to get a negative (no), positive (yes) or neutral (I don’t know, maybe) answer for some information. For example: “Have you already had lunch?”, “Lilac grows in this garden?”
- Private interrogation proposals that are sent to a specific person to obtain additional information about him, the nature of the object or circumstances of the action, for example: “What time should you be in place?”, “When will it get warmer?”.
In these types of sentences, there is always a question that requires a specific answer.
Types of interrogative sentences
These types of structures may also differ in their nature, for example, be:
- actually interrogative and be sure to demand an answer, as this clarifies information unknown to the author: “Where does this tram go?”;
- affirmative questions requiring confirmation of the data already indicated in it: “Is he not specifically?”;
- negative constructions in which they express the negation already inherent in the question: “And why did I need this?”;
- incentives, whose task is to push the interlocutor or oneself to action: "Maybe we'll watch a movie before bedtime?";
- rhetorical questions that do not require a mandatory answer: "Who will not go to plunge into the water in hot weather?"
Depending on what are the goals of making interrogative sentences, in a letter they are transmitted using a question mark, and in oral speech - with the help of intonation. Such syntactic constructions often use words with interrogative meanings, such as “why,” “why,” “what,” “how,” and others.
Exclamation points
This kind of syntactic constructions depends on the intonation with which pronouncements are made. The goal is to convey the feelings that evoke certain events or actions. They are divided into:
- narrative-exclamatory sentences, for example, "The first snow fell - how beautiful it is on the street!";
- interrogative-exclamatory - “Could you not understand the first time ?!”;
- incentive-exclamation constructions - “Give me back my book!”
The punctuation marks in them depend on the purpose of the statement and intonation.
Highlighting sentences in writing
If in oral speech in such constructions intonation indicates their purpose, then in writing it is a dot, a question or exclamation mark.
- In narrative non-exclamatory sentences, the end always puts a dot: "I came home tired."
- If the statement is narrative, motivational or interrogative, but with the intonation of an exclamation, then an exclamation mark is put in it, sometimes there are 3 of them, or it can stand after the interrogative. For example: “And Ivan Tsarevich went wherever his eyes look!”, “Beware !!!”, “Are you crazy ?!”
- When the incentive sentence is non-exclamatory in nature, then at the end of it there is a dot: “Go home.”
- If the statement with a touch of incompleteness, then it ends with an ellipsis: "I returned from a long voyage, and what next? ..", "Sadness-sadness hit me ..."
In order to correctly put punctuation marks, it is necessary to determine what type the sentence belongs to and what its intonation is.