The most important branch of the science of language is syntax. The basic units of syntax are phrase, sentence, text. They are the subject of his study. The lowest link in this hierarchy is the phrase. As a unit of syntax, it plays a very important role, because it is from these units that sentences and further texts are built.
Definition of a concept
One or more words, combined in meaning or grammatically, make up the phrase. These syntactic units are easily distinguished from sentences.
In the composition, you can find the main word and the dependent. The first is the one from which the question is being asked. The second - to which he is put. Let's look at an example: the autumn wind. The wind (what?) Is autumn. Since the question is asked from the word wind, it will be the main one. Accordingly, autumn is dependent.
Grammatically, words are connected using endings or prepositions. The word order and semantic adjunction also matter.
Not a phrase
It should be remembered that the phrase will not be. Firstly, the grammatical basis. This fact is easy to prove, because people communicate with each other, verbally and in writing, precisely with proposals. The phrase is a kind of brick from which more complex communicative units are built. In addition, there are sentences consisting of one word. The phrase is at least two tokens.
Secondly, homogeneous sentence members will also not fall into the category of minimal syntactic units. Why? The relationship between them is not subordinate, which should be in a phrase, but a composing (it is impossible to pose a question).
Thirdly, the significant part of speech with adjoining official speech cannot be singled out in a phrase. As a unit of syntax, it carries a semantic load. And the described option is just a word form.
Fourth, do not confuse complex grammatical forms and units of syntax. For example, future tense, subjunctive or imperative, degrees of comparison , etc.
Fifth, in the process of language development, the phraseological units have lost the grammatical and semantic connection within themselves. Therefore, it is erroneous to say that this is a phrase. As the main unit of syntax, it must necessarily consist of interconnected words.
Keyword Views
Depending on what part of speech the main word is, a nominal, verb, adverbial phrase is distinguished. As a unit of syntax, it is very diverse in its composition.
We give examples of each kind of syntactic units.
- Named. In them the main word is the nominal part of speech. A table made of wood (noun), useful for the eyes (adjective), three friends (numeral), something necessary (pronoun).
- Verb. Here, the main word can be both the directly named part of speech, as well as the sacrament, the participle. Here are some examples: to look to the side (verb), looking to the side (communion), looking to the side (participle).
- Adverbial. Very good, to the right of the river, deep into the forest.
Communication agreement
The phrase and sentence as the basic units of syntax are very similar in the relations of their components with each other. So, in the sentence there is a subordinate, composing and non-union connection. Whereas the phrase is exclusively subordinate. However, it is divided into several types. The first one to consider is reconciliation.
With this type of connection, the main word requires the setting of a dependent in a similar kind, number and case. We will analyze what parts of speech components can be when coordinating:
Main word | Dependent word |
Noun or other substantive part of speech. | - The name is adjective (not to any degree of comparison): the table (which?) Is oak, the sunset (which?) Is beautiful. There is also a short form: self-evil (in this case, the words are consistent in gender and number).
- Ordinary numerals: fifth floor, seventh shelf. Only in terms of quantitative numbers are consistent : five shelves - five shelves. The exception - both, both - is also characteristic of the category of gender: both students, both students.
- The adjective-pronoun: letters (what?) Of this, to the house (which?) To that.
- Communion: a book (what?) Read, a person (what?) Thinking.
- Another noun-app: dad-architect, warrior-liberator.
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Communication management
The phrase and sentence as units of syntax create our speech, therefore, it is necessary to understand the essence of the processes occurring inside. Another link between words is management. Under him, the main word, changing itself, does not require the statement of the dependent in a certain form. A formal attribute is not only an ending, as agreed, but also an excuse. Moreover, the latter is more common.
We will analyze the variants of the main and dependent words in similar phrases.
Main word | Dependent word |
- Verb: I am writing (what?) A book, we are thinking (what?) About vacation. Parts of speech that are close to the verb (communion, participle): writing (what?) A book, thinking (what?) About vacation.
| Noun, pronoun-noun, or substantive part of speech. |
- Noun: table (from what?) From marble, reading (what?) Magazine
- Adjective name: happy (from what?) From love, content (with what?) Success
- Quantitative numeral, put in the form of accusative or genitive case: three (what?) Flowers; five (what?) steps
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Connection abutment
A phrase as a unit of syntax can have within itself not only a grammatical connection, but also a semantic one. In other words, the dependent word can join the main one exclusively in meaning. Such a connection is called adjacency.
Since the addition of the dependent word occurs within the meaning, it is logical to assume that such words will be all unchanging parts of speech and the form of words. We list them.
Main word | Dependent word |
Verb: do (how?) Quickly, started (what to do?) Speak | 1. Adverb: ran (how?) Quickly; groped (where?) in the dark. |
Noun: mountain (which?) | 2. Communion: sat (how?) Looking, told (how?) Rejoicing. |
Adverb: quite (how?) Far | 3. Infinitive: had to (what to do?) To come. |
Adjective name: beautiful (how?) Externally and internally | 4. The comparative degree of the name of the adjective: the rivers (which?) Are deeper, the children (which) are younger. |
| 5. The adjective-pronoun (them, her him). Portfolio (whose?) Him, apartment (whose?) Them. |
6. An uncoordinated application: the newspaper (what?) "Komsomolskaya Pravda" |
Whole and free
The characteristics described above are not limited to the phrase as a unit of syntax. Types of phrases are also determined by the structural features. So, distinguish simple and complex units. The first contains two significant words: somehow in the fall, a wooden window, no good. The second, complex, implies from three significant words in its composition: Gogol’s poetic language, a window into the parent’s bedroom, and my favorite books.
The vocabulary richness of the language implements the phrase as a unit of syntax. Types of phrases by related components - free and whole. The former include independent members of the sentence, for example, subject and definition (other side), predicate and circumstance (lying on the bed), and others.
Integral phrases are one, indivisible member of the sentence: everything (what?), From small to large, worked (how?) After the sleeves.
It is with the study of phrases that the study of such a complex section of the language as syntax begins. The basic units of syntax - phrase, sentence, text - you need to know very well. Only in this case can one speak of beautiful written and spoken language.