Spelling - these are parts of tokens that cannot be verified by substituting single-root words. To find out how to accurately write a particular word, you can use the dictionary. But in order to learn to write correctly without the help of directories, books and automatic spellchecking on a computer, you need to learn the rules.
It should be noted that the spelling in the suffix causes the greatest difficulties, however, many also have difficulty in choosing the correct spelling of prefixes, roots, endings.
Rules for writing nouns
In Russian, nouns are inclined according to cases and numbers. In this case, mistakes can be made in any part of the word. Spelling is found both in the roots and in the suffixes of nouns.
Spelling suffixes
Most often mistakes are made in suffix morphemes.
Diminutive suffixes -ik-, -ek- are found in words that, in addition to the main meaning, have a semantic connotation of the demonitive: a lump - a lump, a flower - a flower, a finger - a finger, an end - a tip. It is not difficult to find out whether to write in the word -ik- or -ek-. To do this, you need to decline the word in cases and, if the vowel letter of the suffix falls out, you should write -ek-, and if it remains, then we write -ik-.
For instance:
- Them. item (what?) "flower" - Rod. item (what?) "flower" - the vowel - - has disappeared.
- Them. n. "peas" - Rod. n. “pea” - the vowel -– has fallen out, which means we write -– in the nominative case.
- Them. n. "boy" - Rod. n. "boy" - the vowel -– remained, which means that the suffix -ik- should be written.
The affectionate suffixes -onk-, -enk- are used in nouns that have the semantics of reduction and at the same time politeness, tenderness: a pen - a little hand, a daughter - a daughter, a shirt - a shirt. To check the correct spelling, it is necessary to determine what sound the stress in the word falls on. If the emphasis falls on -–, you need to write the suffix -onk-, and if on some other letter, then we write -enk-.
For instance:
- Girl - girlOnka - write -onk-.
- The river - the river - we write -enka-.
Spelling in other noun suffixes
1. The suffixes -chik- and -shopper- indicate a profession or occupation: translator, pilot, loan shark, storekeeper. If the suffix is preceded by the letters d, t, s, s, z, then you need to write the suffix -chik-, and if other letters, then we write -shchik-.
For instance:
- PerevoZ + chik, raznos + chik, stone + box, glass + box.
Spelling in suffixes after hissing w, h, w, w is checked by stress. If the letter -o is under stress in the word, then it should be stored in the suffix. And if the stress falls on another letter, then you need to write -.
For instance:
- Leap, chest, badge - write -o.
- Clouds, Vegetables, plush - we write -.
In the same way, the spelling at the end of nouns and adjectives is checked: big, young, dear.
Rules for spelling adjectives
Adjectives indicate the quality or attribute of an item. They are often formed from nouns. Spelling adjective suffixes are very diverse, but often associated with the words from which they are derived. Adjectives have spelling in the roots and suffixes. Some of the rules are described below.
Spelling in name adjectives
- Suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in are almost always written with one -n-: sandy, linen, mosquito, bee. There are only three exceptions to this rule: pewter, glass, and wood.
- The suffixes -enn, -onn- are spelled with two -nn-. There is one exception here: windy. However, it should be remembered that if the word "windy" is used with the prefix, then it should write two-nn-: aired room, calm weather.
Spelling verb adjectives
- Suffixes that are used in adjectives formed from the verbs “at” or “at”, as a rule, retain the root vowel. For example: read - read, take pictures - take pictures, sow - seeded, cherish - cherished. If the verb from which the adjective is formed ends in -it- or -et-, then the letter -e must be written in the suffix. For example: to speak - spoken, to offend - offended, to watch - viewed.
- One-n- is written in adjective suffixes, which are formed from imperfective verbs (answers the question "what to do?") And do not have prefixes. For example: to paint - painted, to write - painted. BUT: write - written - write two -nn-, because the original verb has the prefix -a-.
There are the following exceptions to this rule: this, done, desired, slow, unprecedented, inadvertent, cursed, sacred, and some others.
Two -nn- are written in adjectives that:
- formed from perfect verbs (the question “what to do?”): weigh - weighted (decision), say - spoken (word), draw - painted (oil painting);
- have a prefix: read - read, tell - told, redraw - redrawn;
- have an object dependent on them: a letter is written with a pen - a letter written with a pen; the floor is painted yesterday morning — the floor painted yesterday morning; the task is completed at five - the task completed at five;
- have an additional suffix -ova- or -eva-: arrest - arrested, pamper - spoiled, take risks - risky, send - seconded.
Communion Writing Rules
Communions are parts of speech that are formed from verbs, but do not indicate an action or process, but a sign of action. The creator of the first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V. I. Dahl said that the participles represent the image of the adjective. The participles can be real (active) or passive (passive).
Spelling suffixes for passive participles
- The suffixes -usch-, -yushch- are written in participles derived from verbs that are in the form of 3 l. many hours end with -u- or -yu-: run - (they) runUt - runner (boy); play - (they) play - play (child).
- The suffixes -ash-, -yash- should be used in the participles formed from verbs that are in the form of 3 l. many hours have the ending -at- or -yat-: breathing - (they) breathing - breathing; build - (they) build - building. Exceptions: measuring, tormenting, outstripping.
Spelling suffixes for real participles
- Suffixes -em-, -om- should be used in those participles that are formed from verbs that have 1 liter. many h. ending -em-: execute - (we) execute - executable; notice - (we) notice - seen.
- The suffix -im- is written in active participles, which are derived from verbs that have 1 liter. many h. ending -im-: see - (we) see - visible; hear - (we) hear - hear.
Rules for writing short participles and adjectives
Most often, short forms of adjectives and participles are used in those cases when they are faced with a noun:
- In short participles, regardless of the type of verb from which they are formed, one-n- should be written: tie a knot (verb + noun) - knotted knot (full participle form + noun) - knot tied (noun + short participle).
- In short adjectives, one or two letters -n- should be written depending on the number of letters in full forms: invaluable experience (full adjective + noun) - experience is priceless (noun + short adjective); red stars - stars are red.
Adverb Spelling Rules
Adverbs indicate the quality of the subject, the direction of action or its attribute. This is an unchangeable part of the word, which means that the adverb cannot be declined in cases and numbers. Despite this, many believe that the last part of these words is endings, although in reality it is a suffix. Adverbs can end with the letters -o, -a, -u, or -e.
- The suffix -–- should be written in those dialects that have the prefixes -, , - or -. For example: to the right, completely, permanently, anew, easily.
- The suffix -a- is written in adverbs that have the prefixes of-, is-, do-, s-, co. For example: left, long, white. BUT: thoroughly, elegantly, pampered, condescending, tolerable.
- The suffix -u should be used in some words: sloppy, early, laterally, immediately, from a young age.
- The suffix -– must be written if the adverb ends in hissing or – –. for example: more, less, less often, more often. BUT: in short, right, on an equal footing.
Thus, we see that the study of the rules for writing spelling in the suffix is an important step towards literate writing. Our language is diverse and rich, but also complex and often contradictory. Spelling is that part of the word that cannot be checked, and therefore it is necessary to work hard and remember in order to become a competent person.