As you know, the Russian language is incredibly rich both from the lexical and from the morphological point of view. Therefore, foreigners have to spend far more than one year studying at least his spoken language with all the grammar and syntax. And, like any other language, in addition to the independent parts of speech, it also needs official ones for linking words in a sentence, the convenience of declension, and the correct formulation of questions. Therefore, in this article we will analyze one of these categories, namely: what is an excuse, why is it needed and how to use it correctly.
Concept and definition
As mentioned earlier, prepositions relate to the service parts of speech and serve to connect words in a sentence. More precisely, they express the dependence of nouns, pronouns and numerals on other words. Thus, they can show the relationship either between two objects (fabric with a pattern), or between the action and the object (go to the marina), or between the sign and the object (the most beautiful in the class). Prepositions differ from conjunctions in that they communicate words strictly within a simple sentence; homogeneous members are an exception for their use, but their function is extensive otherwise. Their similarity with other service parts of speech is that their properties are limited, we will talk about this later.
Properties of prepositions as part of speech
Firstly, they cannot appear in the proposal as independent members and are always attached to the word with which they are used, being with him an integral member. For example, in the sentence “The full moon was reflected in the river”, the preposition “c” along with the word “river” is emphasized as a circumstance. Secondly, since we found out what a preposition is, it, like other official words, cannot be changed by case, gender, time and numbers, in contrast to the parts of speech with which they are used. However, they are always part of the question in declension of nouns, pronouns and numerals in cases and even help to do this, simplifying the task for students. For example, let's try to decline the word "mother".
- I. p.: Who is standing at the stove? - mother.
- R. p.: Who has a new dress? - Mom.
- V. p.: Dad loves whom? - mom.
- D. p.: I will go for advice to whom? - to Mom.
- T. p .: Grandmother is proud of whom? - mom.
- P. p.: I will write poems about whom? - about mom.
Location in the offer
In addition, in order to understand what a pretext as part of speech is, you need to learn how to quickly find them in the text. Most often they are adjacent to nouns and pronouns, and therefore are located in front of them. For example, at a desk, at a table, in front of me, etc. If, however, the word with which they are used has a definition (adjective, numeral, possessive pronoun, participle), then the preposition “skips” it ahead and stands before it. For example: on a wooden desk, at my desk, for a long time, etc. However, there are also some turns in which prepositions are used after the word to which they refer. These are either well-established phrases or stylistic features of the author. For example: why.
Classification of prepositions
For the convenience of studying morphology, all parts of speech are divided into types, types, categories according to some unifying attribute. A similar division exists in the case of service words, this helps to better understand what a preposition is in Russian, and why it is used.
So, there are 3 classifications of this part of speech.
First, by origin, prepositions are subdivided into non-derivatives (“primitives,” that is, they originally refer to official words: to, from, to, under, for, etc.) and derivatives (were formed from another part speech). The latter, in turn, can be verbal (thanks, later, in spite of, despite), deserted (due, during, throughout, in view of, like, by force) and vernacular (inside, near, behind, in front).
Secondly, in composition there are simple (consist of one word and have one root: k, on, from, for), complex (several words: throughout, regardless of) and compound (one word, several roots) prepositions (examples : from under, from).
By meaning
This classification of prepositions is the most capacious, it includes 6 main categories:
- Spaces or “places” (with the defined word answer the question “where?”): In the table, outside the window, on the carpet, under the closet.
- Time - “when?” how long? ”: for half an hour, from morning to night, for a week.
- Object - "what? about what / whom? ”: write about love, talk about school.
- The way of acting is “how?”: With feeling, with love, with anxiety.
- The reasons are “why?”: From boredom, from shame, from fear.
- Objectives - “why? for whom? ”: for the sake of pleasure, for mom.
Subtleties of the topic
So, we have studied what a preposition is and how it is classified by structure, origin and level. For those who have not yet fully understood the complexities of this part of speech, we will explain some tricks. So, for example, a rather difficult topic: what is a derived preposition and how to distinguish it in a sentence. The question will always serve as an assistant in this, since it can be asked for the independent part of speech, but not for the official part. For example, in the sentence: “There were many bends in the course of the river,” the second word is a noun (“where? - in the course”). In another case (for an hour I could not fall asleep) this is an excuse, since the expression asks a single question ("how long? - within an hour"). Hence another difficulty arises, namely, it is necessary to correctly determine how the prepositions are written - with "E" at the end or with "AND". To do this, you will have to memorize them: during, during, due to, but subsequently.