Buckwheat is one of the most popular crops in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and also in some countries of Asia and Europe. Proteins contained in such a grain are more complete than most other grains. The yield of this culture with the right approach to business can be very high.
Buckwheat grain is widely used in Slavic, Eastern and French cuisines. In addition, this cereal is considered an excellent honey plant. For millennia, this culture was cultivated by peasants by hand. Today, when growing it, of course, tractors, combines and various attachments are used. And of course, at the moment, in some farms in the territory of our country, innovative technologies of buckwheat cultivation are also used.
What is a traditional method?
Using conventional technology, buckwheat is grown approximately as follows:
in the fall, following the harvesting of grain, they produce husked soil;
in the spring they harrow dump chill;
carry out 2-3 cultivations with harrowing and rolling;
when sowing buckwheat itself, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are complexly introduced into the soil.
Planting using the standard technology of cultivating buckwheat for grain is performed after heating the soil to a temperature of +10 ... + 12 ° C at a depth of 8-10 cm. Usually this is the end of May - beginning of June. Seeds during planting close up to a depth of 7-8 cm. Sow this culture by the ordinary or wide-row method.
Traditional care technology
After sowing seeds during the growing season of plants, the following operations are performed:
pre-emergence harrowing 3-5 days after sowing;
post-emergence harrowing in the phase of emergence of 1-2 leaves;
two inter-row treatments - in the phase of the second real leaf to a depth of 5-6 cm and in the phase of budding to a depth of 5-7 cm;
During the second inter-row treatment, fertilizing with nitrogenous fertilizers of 20 kg / ha is done. Sometimes instead of nitrogen compounds in buckwheat plantings, UAN is also used at a dose of 20 kg / ha in combination with growth regulators. With severe blockage, herbicides are used.
What modern techniques are popular
The main disadvantage of the traditional cultivation of this crop is the large labor and material costs during pre-sowing preparation, as well as quite serious crop losses during harvesting. Innovative technologies for growing buckwheat allow you to control the formation of its crop, as well as the quality of the grain. When applying such techniques, the degree of use of resources increases:
material;
labor;
agroclimatic.
For example, the following innovative technologies can be used in the cultivation of this crop:
The prototype is another name for the first innovation. Buckwheat cultivation technology by this technique is used in our country today by many farms. The combined technique involves a combination of innovative tillage methods and new sowing methods. Loss of grain when using this technique are minimal. The last method of growing buckwheat involves sowing grain in the spring in two periods.
Resource-Saving Technique: Landing
Using this modern technology of buckwheat cultivation before planting, the following operations are performed:
In the event that when using this technique, the fields were processed with plane cutters, in the spring they are rolled up with needle harrows. Fertilizers in the soil in the spring when applying this technique are applied three times:
before sowing;
in rows when sowing;
15 days after planting.
Seeding methods in this case can also be used ordinary or wide-row. At the same time, seeds are planted in the soil by 5-6 cm.
Crop care using resource-saving technology
When applying this technique, buckwheat is fed only once during the growing season - before flowering. At the same time, as with the traditional method, nitrogenous or complex fertilizers are used. Care operations using this technology of growing buckwheat produce the following:
For better pollination of flowers when using this technique, hives are installed in the fields with buckwheat. They are delivered at the same time 1-2 days before the buds are opened. On 1 ha of landings, 2-3 full-fledged families are accommodated. Set hives no further than 0.5 km from the crops. The method of harvesting buckwheat using this technique is used separately. Proceed to this procedure when drilling 75% of the fruits.
What is a separate way of cleaning
In this case, the equipment is usually expelled to the buckwheat fields several days earlier than when using the direct combining technique. At the same time, the plants are mowed with a reaper and rolled up into rolls. Thus, buckwheat is dried and gradually completely ripens. 2-3 days after harvesting, the procedure for threshing grain begins. This method allows to reduce the loss of buckwheat grain, compared with direct harvesting, at times. However, in this case, part of the crop is still lost.
Technology disadvantages
The main disadvantage of the prototype - back in the last century by Soviet scientists of the scientifically sound technology of buckwheat cultivation - like the traditional method, is sowing at one time. In this case, there is a risk of yield decline, for example, due to dry weather during the flowering period. Also, the disadvantages of this method are considered to be uneven pollination, which affects the commercial qualities of the grain. When the hives are located next to the field, the bees prefer to visit the closest plants. Buckwheat growing closer to the center is pollinated, and, accordingly, ripens later.
The disadvantage of the prototype method, as well as the traditional one, is also quite a significant loss in harvesting. A separate harvesting technique allows you to save more grain than with direct harvesting. But in this case, part of it still, as already mentioned, remains on the field.
Two-term sowing technique
Using this innovative cultivation technology, buckwheat is planted for the first time on May 25-29, when a lot of spring moisture still remains in the soil. The second sowing is done on June 7-10 with the onset of sustainable warming. In this case, one of the blooms most likely coincides with favorable weather conditions.
At the right time when using this technology, hives with bees are brought to the fields and placed frontally in the same row along the field. Next, 3-4 times produce artificial dusting using, for example, an artificial drag with a polysad working part. When performing such work, air and mechanical effects on plants are ensured, as a result of which active cross-pollination occurs. Thus, uniform ripening of grain in the fields is achieved, which increases its quality and reduces losses. Harvesting using this innovative technology of buckwheat cultivation is carried out in a separate way.
Combined Technique
In this case, the buckwheat planting material is planted in the fields once every two years. At the same time, sowing is done at a later date. This completely eliminates the risk of crop loss due to return frosts. Care for buckwheat with the use of such technology is standard. In this case, in the first year of cultivation, harvesting is carried out by direct combining. The result is that the scavenger is distributed fairly evenly across the field.
In the spring, harrowing is carried out on a field with buckwheat before germination in order to obtain seedlings with a density of 2-3 million plants per 1 ha. That is, it is practically not necessary to cultivate the soil in the second year, which significantly reduces the cost of growing the crop. In addition, when using this method, a significant part of the seed material is saved.
Using this technology for growing buckwheat, plants are maintained in the traditional way. Harvesting in the second year is carried out according to a separate method. In the subsequent two-year cycle of growing buckwheat is repeated. It is believed that this method of cultivation allows to increase the yield of this crop by 3-4 c / ha.
Buckwheat Features
This plant has been grown by man for several millennia. Of course, the biological features of buckwheat are also determined by the technology of cultivation of this crop. This agricultural plant differs from many other cereals popular in our country in that it loves moisture very much. When grown, this culture consumes water, for example, 2 times more than wheat, and 3 times more than millet.
The growing season of buckwheat is very short. It can germinate already at a temperature of +7 ... + 8 ° C. However, simultaneous sprouts of buckwheat appear when the air warms up to +15 ... + 22 ° . The optimum temperature for growing this crop is considered to be +16 ... + 18 ° C. At the same time, buckwheat develops best and bears fruit when humidity is more than 50%.
Top dressing
A weak root system is also one of the features of buckwheat biology. The cultivation technology of this crop should, of course, include this factor. This plant develops very quickly and actively. Accordingly, during its cultivation, it is necessary to use various kinds of top dressing. After all, weak buckwheat roots from poor soil simply will not be able to collect a sufficient amount of nutrients.
It is believed that in order to get a good crop of such a crop for the season, 1 ton of grain should be introduced into the soil:
nitrogen - 44 kg;
phosphorus - 30 kg;
potassium - 75 kg.
Predecessors
Since buckwheat is a very demanding crop quality soil, the place for its cultivation must be chosen as carefully as possible. It is believed that the best precursors for this agricultural plant are:
cereals;
legumes;
beet;
linen;
row crops.
In arid regions, buckwheat is often planted in clean steam.