It is no secret that industrial enterprises always have a huge number of different electrical appliances - it is through them that activities are carried out in workshops, factories, in all firms. And the further progress is made, the more electronics is used to cover absolutely all possible areas of activity. And most people who work in offices, factories, and enterprises in general do not think about the fact that they constantly use various devices to achieve their goals. Naturally, why should they think about it, because they have their own tasks, and devices for them are just tools. However, if you think about what is behind all the machines and devices in production, you can immediately be struck by the variety of different devices connected together, constantly functioning under different voltages, which can be in the same room. And after all, all of them are not just there - they turn on, turn off, work without interruptions or intermittently, at various capacities. Even at home, you can, without hesitation, turn on the kettle, microwave when the computers are running, but you can do this for the reason that someone has correctly planned everything in advance so that network congestion does not occur when a large number of electrical devices are turned on. As for production, the same can be said here - however, it is worth noting that planning in this case is carried out on a more impressive scale. In planning, it is necessary to take into account a huge number of various factors, one of the most important is the coefficient of demand for electrical equipment. A table for this coefficient will be analyzed in detail in this article. However, first you need to understand what this coefficient as a whole is, how it is calculated and how it is used. This is a very important parameter when connecting electrical networks, so you should carefully study the demand coefficient of electrical equipment, a table by experienced electricians should also be actually memorized.
Coefficient determination
Many novice electricians are greatly affected by the fact that they just can’t figure out for themselves what exactly is the demand coefficient of electrical equipment, the table does not make any sense to them, since it simply shows the devices and some numbers. So what is this coefficient? To begin with, you just need to familiarize yourself with its definition - it, of course, may not immediately seem clear to you, but as you read this material you will understand more and more. So, the demand coefficient of electrical equipment (a table on it will be considered separately, now only theory is taken into account) is the ratio of the combined maximum load of energy receivers to their total installed capacity. The definition is quite capacious, however, as mentioned earlier, it is far from immediately possible to understand what its essence is all the same - just by one proposal it is extremely difficult to understand how the demand coefficient of electrical equipment is used. The table will not help you understand the issue, so you should defer its consideration to a later time. Now you just need to try to understand the essence of this concept.
The essence of the coefficient
To most accurately understand the essence of this coefficient, you need to imagine production - there are various devices, such as a variety of machines, industrial fans and so on. All these devices consume electricity, therefore, when designing the power supply network, it is necessary to find out what the power of the generator should be, so that all available receivers receive the required amount of current. The power should not be too small, otherwise it will not be enough for all devices, and should not be too large - this will lead to cost overruns. Thus, a demand factor appears that allows electricians to determine what the actual energy consumption of the device will be compared to the installed capacity. Simply put, thanks to the demand coefficient, you can get the estimated capacity from the installed capacity , which can already be used in practice. All devices have their own demand coefficient - the aforementioned industrial fans, stoves, flyovers and so on. However, it is worth noting that the table of demand coefficients, which has already been mentioned more than once, practically does not contain indicators for specific devices. It contains data on specific industries and workshops, which are most often part of this production. But before proceeding to a detailed examination of this table, it is necessary to deal with one more point - where does this coefficient come from?
The origin of the coefficient
Many people may ask the question - what is the coefficient of demand for electrical equipment? Molding machines have it, for molding shops it is also available, but what is behind it? After all, the power of electrical equipment is understandable to absolutely everyone, this is a very real value, which actually exists. But the coefficient is just a number, where does it come from? The fact is that all the coefficients are contained in specialized reference materials - those very tables, about which much has already been said at the very beginning of the article. And they were identified during the operation of various electrical appliances, as well as from the experience of the operation of entire factories and workshops. Thus, specialists for a long time watched how molding machines, for example, worked, recorded data, made calculations - and after a while they announced which demand coefficient they had. And this value was taken as the norm, entered in official tables and placed in the reference materials that electricians now use. Well, this is all the theoretical knowledge that you should have - now you understand what this coefficient is, what it affects, and also where it comes from. And this means that the variety of different numbers in the table of demand coefficients for you will not be something unexpected and incomprehensible. Therefore, you can safely proceed to the next part of the article, where some of the items in the table of demand coefficients will be analyzed. The full table, of course, will not be parsed, since it has a lot of sections - more than twenty different types of production, for each of which a certain number of workshops is allocated.
General Purpose Workshops
The very first section does not include construction equipment or any highly specialized workshops, since it is basic. Here are those workshops and buildings that are used everywhere, and not in specialized production. For example, here you can find out the coefficient of demand for electrical equipment in the block of the main shops - it is 0.4-0.5. This value, at first glance, may seem small, but in fact it is quite normal - along the table you will see much smaller values of this coefficient. For example, even in the same section there are low coefficients - for example, for the same block of auxiliary workshops it does not exceed 0.35. If we take the highest coefficient in this section, then it can be found at the thermal load workshops, where the heating furnaces work. Largely due to them, the indicator for this workshop is so high - 0.7-0.8. Now you get the first idea of what the table section as a whole looks like - regardless of whether construction equipment, melting shops or anything else is described there, a section will be highlighted in the table in which the names of the shops will be placed. In contrast to these names, an approximate coefficient of demand for electrical appliances of this workshop will be demonstrated. Therefore, electricians now, when organizing electrical wiring and power supply in production, do not have to each time, by scientific poking, trial and error, determine what kind of demand will be for specific electrical appliances of a particular workshop - they have average values that they can safely rely on in their work.
Smelters
This is the first specialized plant, which is indicated in the coefficient table. And immediately you can pay attention to the fact that it has extremely few points - only two. The fact is that most of the shops of the smelter were already considered in the first section, so it makes no sense to repeat the same shops here. That is, it turns out that an electrician should always first of all look at the first section with general industrial shops, and then look for a more specialized section. But the fact that it is specialized does not mean that points in it will not imply the use of common equipment - for example, electric hoist is found in many copper refining workshops (the coefficient of devices in which is 0.6), and it is also taken into account when compiling the coefficient. The second paragraph of this section is water packs and baffle furnaces, their coefficient is slightly lower than the previous paragraph - 0.5. There are also general-purpose devices, such as electric hoists - now you should have completely grasped the essence of the table, so there is no point in recalling such moments in the future.
Non-ferrous metallurgy plants
In this section you can meet one of the lowest indicators in the whole table. Despite the fact that there are often very demanding drying drums installed there, the demand coefficient at the laboratory at the non-ferrous metallurgy plant is only 0.25. But do not think that throughout the plant there are no workshops and premises demanding for electricity. For example, the electrolysis shop has an indicator of 0.7, which is quite a lot. And even drying drums are not needed here to achieve such an indicator. In general, many aspects have to be taken into account in order to accurately indicate the correct demand factor, which electricians can then work with.
Iron and Steel Plants
It would seem that both plants are engaged in metallurgy, but in the previous section, non-ferrous metallurgy was described , and in this - ferrous . However, at the same time, the workshops (and the devices in them, respectively) are completely different - and have completely different coefficients of demand for electrical equipment. First of all, the cold- rolled shop is indicated, which has an indicator of 0.4-0.5. The vacuum pump installed in the blast furnace consumes a lot of energy, therefore the coefficient is quite high - 0.45. But the most important thing that is worth noting in this section is that it is impossible to single out any points here with a very high or very low coefficient. The indicators for the entire section do not fall below 0.4 and do not rise above 0.6, and this is taking into account the vacuum pump and other similar devices used in this type of production.
Processing plants
It is worth a little distraction from the topic and think about a portable power tool - is it taken into account in this table? Pay attention to the fact that most of the devices that are considered within the framework of one or another production workshop can consume simply incredible amounts of electricity - therefore, these types of tools are most often either not considered or are included as a small error. Returning to the topic, in the new section the variety of coefficients becomes a little wider - however, not as much as, for example, in the first section, where you could meet indicators from 0.2 to 0.8. The first in the list, of course, is the main enrichment shop - and it has almost the highest coefficient in production, 0.6-0.65. Above the figure only for the flotation shop - 0.6-0.7. As for the lowest, here it is an ash-extraction workshop with a coefficient of 0.4 - as you can see, in this production, all the workshops require a serious supply of electricity, from which the engine, generators and other devices that start all the machines in the workshop will be powered.
Agglomeration factories
At such a factory, the main thing is the sinter shop - but its coefficient does not stand out from the rest, 0.5. It is possible to single out here only the transshipment workshop, where there are no welding machines or any other energy-consuming equipment, therefore, the demand coefficient here is much lower - 0.3-0.4. Naturally, there are other workshops here, however, their indicators are already slightly higher - often there you can find a conveyor, a conveyor belt or other similar devices that work constantly and require significant current consumption.
Heavy engineering plants
Separately, it is worth paying attention to the factories, in which there are really many different shops and units. As you can see, if you study reference materials, in many previous cases the number of workshops does not exceed even five, and certainly not more than ten. In the case of heavy engineering plants, everything is slightly different - there is an impressive number of points that should be considered separately. And among them one can find such workshops in which the coefficient is quite high, as well as those where it is extremely low. Again, individual devices, such as semi-automatic welding transformers, will not be considered here , here you will only find out the demand coefficients for electrical devices within individual workshops. The main building is considered the most basic in such a production - this can be fully understood by name. Here, the coefficient is not very high - only 0.3-0.4, but there are also departments with less outstanding indicators. For example, you can take an overpass, where the indicator is only 0.25, or even an experimental workshop, where there is not so much equipment, and it is not very expensive (can electrostatic precipitators consume a lot of energy for gas purification?). Therefore, it is not surprising that this workshop has a demand coefficient of only 0.2. As for the highest indicator in the list of this section, it is impressive only against the background of the rest. The demand coefficient 0.6 at the heavy machine-building plant has a lacquer shop, and another point is located not far from it - the insulation shop. Here, the coefficient can also be 0.6, but it can also be less - up to 0.5, so the designation in the table is different - 0.5-0.6. In various workshops there are various metalworking machines (equipment), and each of them had to be taken into account in order to create such a vast and very important table for electricians.
What's next?
Naturally, this does not end the table of the coefficients of demand for electrical equipment - it has many more sections covering a wide variety of areas of activity and industry. But you should also find out some details about what else you can do with the demand ratio. You already know that with its help you can determine the rated and rated (that is, installed) capacities of both electrical devices and workshops in general. But there is also a formula that allows you to find out other factors, such as utilization and maximum factors - they also play an important role in the calculation and planning of electrical systems. Simply put, the demand factor is one of the most important parameters in the calculation and design of energy supply systems and installations. If you are an electrician, then you definitely need to know the basic coefficients of demand, as well as have constant access to relevant reference materials. Then the supply of electricity to any object will not be the slightest problem - this is what defines a professional in his field. Learn how to use tables and other materials, not just your hands! You should be well aware that this coefficient is not the only theoretical indicator that exists in the world - with two other coefficients, utilization and maximum, you have already fluently met, but there are a lot of similar values, and each of them plays an important role, complementing the big picture. Therefore, do not neglect theoretical knowledge, since often they are even more important than practical ones. That is why the demand coefficient of electrical equipment is so important.