The meaningful part of the word. Spelling of significant parts of a word

Morphemic parsing of a word is one of the most difficult, but its correct spelling depends on how correctly the significant part of the word is defined. Morphemes participate in the formation of new words: their names indicate the methods of word formation. He studies the parts of the word 5th grade, then, in the seventh, they are repeated when studying the topic "Word formation". As you can see, knowledge of morphemic is one of the bricks on which the language is built. Spelling is determined by the position relative to other morphemes, stress, lexical meaning and phonemes that make up the composition. We will talk about what the significant parts of the word mean, what they are, how they are written, in this article.

Morphemic - the science of parts of a word

Morphemic is part of the science of language as a discipline that studies the significant parts of the word separately, as well as the composition of the token. Morpheme - a significant part of the word, which determines its meaning. The root and suffix, the ending and the prefix, the base are all morphemes.

Parts of a word are divided by the role played in the word, as well as by position relative to each other. The root is the most significant part of the word. Without it, a token cannot exist. He is always there. Other parts of the word are called affixes. Depending on the situation, they are divided into prefixes (facing the root) and suffixes (located after the root) and inflection. They differ in the role they play.

Some morphemes participate in the formation of new words: suffix, prefix. Others (inflections) form grammatical forms.

What do the meaningful parts of a word mean ? The answer is simple - they affect its meaning, grammatical or lexical. You can divide a word into parts, syllables, or groups of syllables. But they will not have a relationship to the concept of significance.

Root

Let's start with the most important part, without which the word is not conceived - its root. It contains the main lexical meaning.

Closely related to the concept of this morpheme is the same-root word. These are tokens with the same roots. From root words , nests are formed, large and small. So, the word yeast has only one root word - yeast. And the word star has a nest much more: asterisk, star, interstellar, constellation and many others.

To highlight the root, you need to determine the lexical meaning of the word. So, words similar in sound can have different roots: frost in the sense of light frost and drizzle in the meaning of drizzle. In the first case, the root is frost, in the second - frost. As you can see, the spelling of the significant parts of the word, and above all the roots, largely depends on their definition and lexical meaning.

There are ambiguous roots. So, at the root -water- at least two values. If we talk about the words lead, conclusion, guide, lead , this root means a certain action. In words, water, water, submariner, the meaning of the root -water- means belonging to water.

Spelling root

The root is a significant part of the word, the spelling of which must be taken into account. After all, it is in it that the main lexical meaning is concluded. There are several orthograms of this morpheme. They are associated with the alternation of sounds, vowels and consonants, as well as with those graphemes that are checked by a strong position.

Alternating vowels must be remembered. A rule can be divided into several points:

1. Checked by the position of stress. So, in the roots -gar - / - the letter A is written and under stress, in all other cases - o : burn, tan. The same roots - zar - / - dawn; clan - / - clone -; - creature - / - creat.
2. Validated by the subsequent letter. These are the roots -log- (a) / - lies-; -cas- (a) / - braid; -rast - / - grove - / - ros-, as well as numerous roots with alternating e / u: -ber - / - bir; -der - / - dir-; -per - / - feast- and others. Examples: put / put; touch / touch; plant / grow / overgrown; I take / pick up.
3. Checked by stress. A word is chosen so that the sound is stressed: to win is victory. The latter is a test word in which the letter e is in the shock position.

As for the unpronounceable consonants, in order to check the necessary letter, you need to find a word so that the necessary group is well heard: honest is an honor. The second word is test.

Ending

The ending is the formative part of the word. It expresses its grammatical meaning (gender, number, case). It can be zero.

Since some parts of speech do not imply a change in grammatical form, they have no ending. To place a zero ending in such parts of speech is a gross mistake. It shows that a person does not understand what this significant part of the word expresses. These are parts of speech such as:

• Adverb.
• Communion.
• A small group of immutable adjectives (beige).
• Comparative degree of adjectives.
• A small group of possessive pronouns (her, them).

So, in the word “home” there is a zero ending, and in the word “backward” there is no ending, because this adverb is an unchangeable part of speech.

To correctly select the ending, you must change the word by cases, persons or numbers. That part of the word, which at the same time varies and will be the end: sang - sang, sang, sang, or mountains, mountains, mountains.

Spelling endings

The correct spelling of the ending is checked with nouns as follows: you need to correctly determine the declension. The first declension in the dative and prepositional cases involves writing the ending -e: to the wall, about the wall. This does not apply to nouns ending in -i.

The second declension requires ending –e only in the prepositional case: about home, about the cloud. An exception is words ending in -th: about a planetarium, about a heritage.

The third declension requires ending - and in the dative, genitive and prepositional cases: about the daughter, about the mother.

As for the personal endings of the verb, it is necessary to correctly determine the conjugation: in the I ending contains the letter e or y (s) (-you / -ethe / -ut, etc.). Examples: pash-eat, pash-eat, pash-ut.

In II conjugation - the letters u , a (i) (-you / -ite / -at, etc.). Examples: grow, grow, grow.

Prefix and Suffix

What significant parts of the word are involved in the formation of new? This is the prefix and suffix. The prefix is ​​a significant part of the word that faces the root. The suffix is ​​behind it. So, from the word friend with the help of the prefix we do not form the word foe , and if we use the suffix -ok, we get the word friend . You can use both morphemes, then we get the word community . The used word-formation methods are called prefix, suffix and prefix-suffix, respectively.

In addition to the word-building function, suffixes can also have a formative one. So, for the formation of the past tense verb, the suffix -l- is used (sang, counted).

Verb suffixes

Almost every part of speech has spelling in the suffix. Let's analyze the most popular.

Verbs need to know the following rules:

1. Suffixes -ova - / - eva-; -iva / -yva-. Spelling is checked by word in the first person of the present tense, standing in the singular. If -th / -th is used in this form, then the suffix -ova - / - eva- is written. Otherwise -iva - / - yva-.
2. Suffixes of verb forms - participles - are determined by the conjugation of the verb from which this participle is formed. The first conjugation involves -usch - / - yusch-, the second -asch - / - yasch-.

Spelling adjective suffixes

Adjective suffixes obey the rules:

1. The suffixes -ev - / - iv- must be checked by accent. The letter is written in a strong position and, in a weak position, the letter e. For example, beautiful, combat . Suffixes -chiv - / - live- must be written in both the shock and unstressed positions.
2. The spelling of n and nn in adjective suffixes depends on the structure of the word and on the suffix used. So, the word foggy is formed using the suffix n from the word fog . It is written nn , because nn is at the junction of two morphemes. Suffixes of the adjectives -on - / - enn- are always written with nn : revolutionary, vital .

Spelling of nouns suffixes

The record holder for the presence of spelling in the suffix is ​​a noun. The rules are as follows:

1. If we are talking about the suffixes denoting professions, then before t, d, s, s, z, z is written -chik. For example, a pilot, deserter, paver , but a lamplighter, a ferryman . It should also be remembered that the suffix -tel- is written exclusively with e: teacher, educator .
2. A large group of diminutive suffixes also require the application of rules. They are associated both with stress and with a change in the shape of the word. The suffixes -ok - (- ek-), onok (-enok-) depend on the stress. In a strong position, it is always written about : a little pebble, a couch , but a kitten .
3. It is necessary to change and see the form of a word in the following cases: -ek- or -ik- we check as follows: we put the word in the form of the genitive case. When a letter falls out, we write -ek-, otherwise -ik-. For example: a pocket (no pocket), a key (no key) . In the second case, the letter remained, therefore, it remains in the suffix. The suffix –ec –– –– –– is checked by defining the genus. In the male will be -etz-, female and middle- -it--: brother , but voditsa, dress .

Spelling Consoles

Unlike suffixes, spelling in prefixes is the same for all parts of speech.

1. Some prefixes need to be remembered; there are no variations in their spelling in Russian. The most common: c-; about-; from-; before; under . Examples: make, go round, fight off, crawl, sneak up.
2. Variable consoles ending in s / s must be checked with the sound from which the root begins. If with a voiced consonant or vowel - it is required to write s , otherwise - p . Call ( s , from which the root begins, voiced) or perk (the root begins with n , a muffled sound).
3. If the root begins with and , then it should be replaced by s , in the case when the prefix ends in a consonant. Background, practical joke, artless .
4. A special group of prefixes pre- / pri-. Their spelling depends on the lexical meaning that this morpheme expresses. So, if we are talking about incompleteness, proximity and approximation, pri- will be written. For example, seaside (near the sea), slightly open (not fully open), arrive (approach).