The device of the vessel is a responsible task facing the workers of the navy. They must fully ensure freight and passenger flows. All tasks can be effectively solved only with the help of a qualitative improvement of the fleet. You can improve old ships or build modern models.
What vessels exist?
Today there is a wide variety of ships that have different types. This is due to the fact that they were designed for different purposes, as well as the conditions for their further operation. That is why specialists are faced with tasks such as specializing in the design of the vessel, organizing the construction and repair, introducing new standardization, planning further transportation, and also performing comparative economic calculations. Ship models can be classified according to the following criteria:
- By type of vehicle, non-self-propelled and self-propelled are distinguished.
- Way of movement - ships that float above water with an air cushion, as well as on the surface of the water. There are devices that can easily move under water - these are submarines.
- The condition of the housing. Among the huge assortment are models that have a rigid, flexible and inflatable body.
- The main body material. During production, steel, light metal alloys, plastics, wood, reinforced concrete structures, elastic or composite materials can be used.
- Navigation area. Distinguish sea vessels and coastal navigation.
- The genus of the main power plant. Ship models include such a device because it helps set it in motion. You can select a steamer that has a piston or turbine steam installation. On motor ships an internal combustion engine is installed.
Civil courts
Ships that have a civilian purpose are presented in the form of transport or fishing vessels. They were created to maximize the maintenance of peaceful ties between different states. These sea vessels provide foreign trade, business and cultural relations, help to extract products from the sea, as well as process it. They are equipped with special equipment for transporting industrial goods or food. Civil vessels are equipped with various additional devices, which depend on their further purpose:
- Transport or merchant ship. They can carry passengers or a small amount of urgent cargo - this is mail, parcels, baggage and much more. Inland navigation vessels may operate regular flights between several ports. They are also commonly called liners. A cargo ship carries cargo on an indefinite line, can sail in any direction.
- Fishing vessel. With this design, you can get products from the sea, that is, catch fish, marine animals, algae. A fishing vessel allows people to process products from the sea into semi-finished products or any other finished products. It also transports it to a floating or coastal base.
- Research vessels. They are designed to carry out scientific and research work on the high seas or oceans. These include special equipped and adapted submarine or surface ships.
- Training ship. It serves employees who perform swimming practice. Often used by people who study in special educational institutions. These ships are necessarily equipped with laboratories, classrooms, as well as classrooms where you can carry out practical mastery of the issues.
What form should ships have
Each type of vessel has a corresponding hull shape, which depends on a large number of factors. These include the main purpose of the vessel, the conditions for its further operation, speed, quality and many other parameters. The hull is an elongated body that has curved surfaces. They help to create a streamlined shape, which will reduce the resistance of water and air during the movement of the structure.
The front of the vessel is called the bow and is built taking into account the established rules of ship building drawing. In order for a ship that floats on a rough water surface to not go inside the wave, all sides of the hull should be slightly widened in height. Specialists pay special attention to the flange screws and steering wheel, which should ensure the best working conditions.
The basic principle of creating a theoretical drawing
Before starting the construction of a theoretical drawing, the designer must imagine the intersection of the lines of the housing. It is necessary to use auxiliary, parallel, diametrical and main planes. Section lines should form the frame of the body, which will give a clear and maximum idea of the shape of the structure. The resulting projection includes the sides, latitude and main body.
The projection of the cross section of the body has the form of straight lines that will form a grid of a theoretical drawing. When a person completes the construction of this grid, the structural waterlines must be divided into twenty equal parts. They mean spacings, and with the help of division, theoretical frames can be drawn. The structure of the vessel is quite complicated, therefore exclusively qualified specialists should work on the design.
Numbering is done by moving the lines from the bow to the stern. When the original of the theoretical drawing is ready, you need to remove all the resulting coordinates of the points of intersection of the curved lines and the grid. They are useful for translating the scale of a drawing into real dimensions. All received data must be recorded in a specially designed journal, which includes tables of ordinates. In the future, they are used in shipyards, as well as special workshops. Here, specialists have a floor in the form of a drawing board, which is called a plaz. It is presented in full size and broken down according to the theoretical drawing. During shipbuilding, all templates and sizes are removed from the plaza to make parts of the ship's hull.
What additional equipment are fishing vessels equipped with?
Industrial vessels are used for fishing fish, seals, whales, walruses, as well as many other living resources from the sea. A fishing vessel occupies a third of the world's civilian fleet. The following types of fishing vessels that are equipped with special devices can be distinguished:
- A seiner is a construction with which you can fish using a net. The catch is carried out using the cargo arrow.
- Trawler. It is unique in its design by a vessel that helps to fish using a trawl - this is a network presented in the form of a large bag.
- Drifter. Today, this ship is in special demand, because it allows you to fish in the drift. Equipped with flat mesh.
- Floating fish canneries and bases. The presented designs go to the open sea and are engaged in processing fish directly into canned food. There are nets, trawls, processing and refrigeration equipment.
- Whaling ships. They are used to maximize whale hunting. In most cases, they go to sea in whole groups, as well as flotillas. These ships are equipped with large and reliable nets that can carry heavy weight.
- Scow. The presented constructions are fishing using a net. They go to the Black and Caspian Sea and run on diesel fuel.
Features of a military ship
Today you can meet different ships and vessels. But among such a wide variety, military designs that belong to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are presented. They necessarily painted external signs that distinguish such ships from civilian ones. Among the command staff must be an officer who is in the service of the Russian government. The name and surname of the officer must be present on the list of military personnel.
A military ship includes army equipment and equipment. The device of the presented vessels is characterized by the presence of military equipment. It will be involved in the event of an attack on a protected area.
The device of transport ships
Sea transport is considered the most profitable and in demand. It will help to transfer goods in intercontinental communications. The transport vessel has the main specialization - it is the transportation of large quantities of goods. These include bulky, bulk, and bulk cargoes. If we are talking about food, then during transportation a certain temperature regime must be observed and there should be no vibration.
We can distinguish the most common vessels that are equipped with additional devices:
- Bulk carriers can transport a diverse assortment. In order to transport meat and fish products, vegetables and fruits, these vessels are additionally equipped with a refrigeration unit.
- Tankers are designed to transport cargo that has a liquid or gaseous state. Enterprises and factories can engage in the transportation of petroleum products, chemical products, fertilizers, as well as liquefied gas. There is a compartment for the transport of especially dangerous goods.
- Container ship. They can transport containers such as containers. These vessels are equipped with the necessary navigation equipment. It will help to place, attach and control the fastening of the cargo during its transportation. The device of the vessel has the necessary additional beams and floors for reliability.
- Bulk carriers will help transport bulk and bulk cargo such as grain, ore, and coal.
- Rollers are special vessels. They are widely used for horizontal or mixed method of loading goods.
- Ferries transport equipment on the coast. The main difference is the transportation of passengers, wheeled vehicles, as well as railroad cars.
Small vessels: device
During construction, ship structures pay particular attention. The hull is the main part of any modern vessel, it includes lining and decking. It is these components that are able to give the vessel the necessary shape and at the same time provide indicators such as strength, water resistance and stiffness of the vessel. It is these functions that determine the design of a small vessel.
A set is a specific power structure, which consists of joints of longitudinal and transverse ties or beams. When they are interconnected, then a finished frame is obtained. It serves as a support contour, which is intended for sheets of outer skin, deck. The frame determines the further stability and rigidity of the vessel.
There are several systems for dialing the case. Their classification depends on the direction of the main beam:
- Transverse.
- Longitudinal.
- Longitudinally-transverse.
What recruitment system is used to build a small vessel?
During the construction of a small vessel, only the transverse beam system is used. Specialists use frames, bottom floors, and beams under the deck. The number of longitudinal beams used is small during the transverse set system. They are used for cross-linking. The total number of beams does not exceed five, and this includes vertical keels and stringers.
The set of the bottom of the ship includes intersecting longitudinal and transverse connections. At the extremities of the ship should be a keel, which connects to the pins. In order to reduce the scope of the ship several times during rolling, it is necessary to attach a side keel. It can have a diverse design and play the role of a longitudinal connection. In most cases, it does not extend in its width beyond the generally accepted dimensions of the case.
Steering gear
Without control, no sea transport can exist . The steering device of ships is a combination of important mechanisms, as well as devices that ensure that the ship is kept afloat. Such a device includes a steering machine, sector, screw or hydraulic drives. Today, there are designs that have a main and manual steering wheel.
The device of the vessel, and steering in particular, must meet the following requirements:
- The maximum allowable angle for shifting the steering wheel is not more than 35 degrees. For river fleet ships, this value can be 45 degrees.
- The duration of the rudder from the ships can not be more than 28 seconds.
- Each steering machine must fully ensure reliable and proper operation of the steering device while the ship is pitching.