Knowledge of punctuation rules greatly contributes to streamlining spelling and eliminating illiteracy. Punctuation is a science whose priority is the correct placement of punctuation marks (the term came into Russian from Latin and literally means “dot”), is closely related to the syntax (the concept comes from the Greek word “military system”) - a section of grammar that puts its the task is to study the speech system, parts and components, its components. In the complex
These disciplines are investigated and punctuation analysis is carried out.
Following the linguist A. Shakhmatov, modern syntax scientists recognize the central
the syntactic unit of a sentence, which is the minimum model in speech communication. It has the form of an intonation-closed syntactic structure expressing the actual situation or the process of thinking, imagination. Both simple and complex sentences correspond to this definition.
The main object of attention in the syntax of a sentence is its positional components (this includes phrases, word forms at the level of interpositional and intrapositional syntactic communication, the formal indicators of which include the presence of conjunctions, inflections, prepositions). The basic principle of the linguistic system is not to complicate the use of punctuation marks unnecessarily (which at the same time facilitates punctuation analysis), but at the same time, the need to maintain the flexibility of the syntactic system in order to express the most meaningful semantic shades and features of the text is taken into account. This inevitably leads to a variation in the punctuation marks. And if we also take into account the possibility of an individual author's arrangement, the punctuation analysis is noticeably more complicated.
In order to accurately place one or another punctuation mark, you must follow certain rules. And for this, in turn, you need to be able to distinguish between independent and service parts of speech (to know the features of each of them and the basic information on them), find a predicative center, have an idea of the secondary members of a sentence, feel intonational pauses, understand the difference in the expression of emotions author and highlight them accordingly on the letter. This includes the concept of "punctuation analysis", and also explains the close intertwining and the relationship of syntax, punctuation, morphology.
Punctuation marks that can be used in the text: period (expresses the completeness of thought), interrogative (contains a question), exclamation (transmission method
special emotions, feelings) signs, ellipsis (in the case of understatement, incompleteness), a comma (set with the aim of separating, highlighting, separating homogeneous members, introductory constructions, direct speech, treatment, separate constructions, parts of a complex sentence), semicolon (typical mostly for unionless compound sentences), a dash (used in both simple and complex sentences, in dialogs, direct speech), a colon (similar to a dash), quotation marks (typical of direct speech), brackets (for additional information).
That is, summarizing the foregoing, we can imagine an algorithm by which punctuation analysis of a sentence is performed:
- Designate statements by purpose, by intonation features.
- Determine the type of sentence: simple or complex.
- Find predicative structures and secondary members.
- If simple - to characterize from this point of view (two-part / one-part, complete / incomplete, widespread / non-widespread, complicated or not).
For complex - to identify the type of connection (submission / composition / unionless / with various types) and the means of its transmission (intonation, union, union or correlative words).
- Explain the appropriateness of all the punctuation marks (dots, commas, dashes, colons, etc.), both at the end of the sentence and inside its parts.
- Make a diagram.
Acting in this way, you can analyze any proposal.