The dictionary of the Russian language is rich and diverse. But common vocabulary is undoubtedly considered its most important part. It is the core, without the presence of which it is impossible to imagine language and conversation, includes commonly used words denoting concepts that are used everywhere. They can be heard on the street, at work, at school, in a store, in other words, anywhere. Popular vocabulary is the basis of a national literary dictionary, a very important material for speaking in one’s native language. This is the foundation that helps to continue to enrich and improve vocabulary. Do not underestimate its importance. Almost all units of folk vocabulary are used actively and constantly, they can be found in every speech style.
Common and stylistically neutral words
In the Russian language there are many words known and accessible to everyone that can be used both in conversation and in writing. As an example, we can cite the following lexical units: "river", "soil", "grove", "roll", "walk", "eat", "winter", "catchy", "work", "read", " newspaper "," woman "," proposal "," person ", etc. There are also neutral words that can be found both in scientific work and in ordinary conversation; they can be seen both in official paper and in a friend’s letter. There are a lot of such lexical units in Russian. Common words, examples of which you now know, are common throughout the country. They are also used in some other countries where people speak Russian.
Emotionally expressive vocabulary
In addition to stylistically neutral lexical units, among commonly used words there are those that can be pronounced by each person, but only occasionally. A convenient case should be presented for this. For example, the words: "zemlytsa", "muddler", "newspaper", "bearded", "public garden" - they differ from stylistically neutral lexical units in that they can be called emotional or even expressive. This is very felt when they are pronounced. Emotional coloring is conveyed with all sorts of suffixes, which can be derogatory-magnifying or diminutive-affectionate, and expressiveness is achieved by the unusual pictoriality of the words used in speech. Pronouncing such lexical units, a person shows his good or bad attitude to an event or object. And it is not surprising that such words are very rarely used in scientific papers and business papers. Emotionally expressive lexical units are not used in all speech styles. As a rule, they are actively used in ordinary conversations, and they can also be read in print. It is impossible to imagine how people would speak if it were not for the universally common common words. Terms are something else, they refer to professional vocabulary. Do not confuse them with common words. This is a blunder.
Dialectic and professional words that have become common
But from the foregoing it does not follow that commonly used words are closed vocabulary, on which there is no influence. Do not think so. On the contrary, terms can be added to this vocabulary (special or dialectic), the use of which was previously curtailed. For example, the words: “motley”, “tyrant”, “boring”, “burning”, “loser”, “regular” - at the beginning of the XIX century were not as widespread as they are now: the scope of their use was limited to a dialect or special sphere. And at present, these lexical units are common. Interesting, isn't it? Common words in Russian are of great interest to many researchers. In addition, they are often sought by foreigners who are going to Russia.
Forgotten Common Vocabulary
Also, some commonly used lexical units with time can disappear from colloquial speech, narrow their scope. For example, the words "squeamish" (dawn) and "gobble" (eat) are used today in only a few Russian dialects. Many do not remember them anymore. It happens that the lexical unit ceases to be common and becomes professional jargon. The bulk of people are gradually forgetting the word, which is a little sad. Common words are lexical units that can be completely erased from people's memory. Unfortunately it's true.
Popular vocabulary has the opposite - limited use words. They can be heard being among people of a certain profession or living in the same territory.
Dialectisms
You must also consider words that are dialectic. They are used in their speech by people who inhabit a certain geographic area. Dialectic lexical units are most often used in simple conversations. And this is understandable. After all, the dialect refers mainly to the spoken language of people living in the villages. To an outsider he will be incomprehensible. However, the villagers, of course, know common words. It would be foolish to think that they cannot use them in their speech.
How dialectisms differ from common words
What is the difference between dialect and common words? The former are distinguished by a narrower scope of use, in addition, they are characterized by some semantic-lexical, grammatical, as well as phonetic features. Given their characteristic features, several types of dialectisms can be distinguished. Which ones?
Types of Dialectisms
- Phonetic dialectisms are specific lexical units. What can be said about them? They contain the phonetic features of a dialect: "typologies", "Vanka", "barrel" (in common vocabulary it is "boiling water", "Vanka", "barrel") - refer to South Russian; "chicken", "man", "tsyas", "nemchi" (in other words, "chicken", "man", "watch", "Germans") - words spoken quite unusual, characteristic of several north-western dialects. To outsiders, their sound may seem somewhat strange. Common words are closer to them, of course.
- Grammatical dialectisms are peculiar lexical units. What is known about them? They have grammatical properties that are not characteristic of the literary language, and they are not similar to common words with their morphological structure. You can rarely hear them.
- Lexical dialectisms are words that are not similar to commonly used either in meaning or form. For example, an inda - even a kochet - a rooster, walking - talking, the other day - recently, etc.
Special and professional words
The lexical units that can usually be heard while in the company of people of a certain kind of activity refer to special and professional words. They are used in some areas of technology and science. These two terms must be distinguished in order to understand which word is officially adopted and constantly pronounced (special), and which is expressively re-translated, rethought after it has been borrowed from a commonly used dictionary (professional). The latter are common in the vocabulary of people of many kinds of activity. Thus, common words sometimes give rise to professionalism.
Special vocabulary, as a rule, completely “covers” a certain special area of ​​technology or science: all important ideas and concepts are indicated by strictly established terms. Professionalism is slightly different from them. They are rarely represented as a system, since they are taken from oral conversations of people belonging to any specialty. Professionalism can be called quite emotional and vibrant words. They sound very expressive. Every person needs to know what are common words, dialect and professional words.