Among the service parts of speech , particles should be distinguished. Examples of them in the Russian language are quite numerous. The difficulty lies in the fact that they can perform several functions, and particles often pass into independent parts of speech. We will analyze how these particles are represented in the Russian language, examples will help in this.
The concept
What is a particle? This is a special service part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional nuances to the entire sentence as a whole and to a specific word. They also have another important function: they participate in the formation of word forms.
Let us examine two sentences in which particles are used. Examples are as follows:
- Only she can help me do this hard work.
- Let them finish this task as soon as possible and move on to the next.
If in the first sentence the particle only enhances the pronoun, it gives the word the meaning of emphasis, exclusivity, then in the second sentence the particle performs a completely different function - participates in the formation of the imperative mood: let it finish, let it go.
Syntactic role
Like other service words (prepositions and conjunctions), particles do not carry a syntactic load; it is a mistake to select them as a member of a sentence. The only exception is their formative role. In this case, the particle is indicated with that member of the proposal to which it adjoins.
- Were you and me meeting on the bus yesterday? (A supplement not with you includes a particle not. )
- Let the lights sparkle brighter. (As they say in the imperative, let them sparkle includes a particle, let them .)
Compare with sentences where there are non -forming particles. Examples:
- Do you have to be on duty today in the classroom? (The interrogative particle does not carry a syntactical load.)
- How beautiful the sea is at dawn! (An exclamation particle is not a member of a sentence.)
Main functions
We will figure out what forms this part of speech (particle) is used in. Examples will help with this.
- The imperative mood of the verb. These are particles: let (let), come on, yes . ( Let's get down to your duties as soon as possible . May the triumph begin! )
- Conditional mood of the verb. Here the particle would be used (b) . (If only to bring everything back. If you came to me, you would manage much faster.)
- In order to form a degree of comparison of the name of an adjective or adverb, particles are also used. Examples: higher, less deep, most beautiful; more interesting, less widely.
- A number of linguists distinguish some particles in the Russian language (examples are given in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: this, or, some, some (some, somewhere, someone, some). However, classical science nevertheless distinguishes them as suffixes and prefixes (some).
Transmitted Values
Modal particles are much more diverse . Examples will help to prove that with the help of these service words one can convey various emotional and semantic shades.
There are several groups of such particles:
- Interrogative. Does it really ( point) point to a question? ( Is it really so difficult to carry out a simple assignment? Did I say that I would come after dinner? Have you stood behind that tree?)
- Exclamation points. Like, what kind of talk about admiration or indignation. ( How wonderful it is to come home after a working day! What a wonderful morning! What a naughty child! How can you make soup so badly!)
- Pointing. Here, they are used when it is necessary to draw the attention of the listener to a specific subject. ( This house. It’s over a thousand years old. Look, there’s a wedge of cranes.)
- Amplifying: even, after all, after all, the same, then . They are used to emotionally reinforce a particular word. ( Even a small child knows that you need to wash your hands after the street. After all, I warned you could be mistaken. Still, you are an irreparable romantic. Anya went into the forest through the thicket. I don’t know how hard it is to study and work! )
- Clarifying: precisely, precisely, just - are used to designate specific objects and phenomena. (It was exactly the dress that hung on the window yesterday. That is exactly what I am trying to convey to you. It is just that Paul should know that.)
- Transmitting doubt: hardly, hardly . (It is unlikely that there will be a person who can help us. He can hardly cope with such a difficult test.)
- Negative particles: no, no . Examples of their use will be discussed in more detail below. Here we only say that they convey denial in different ways.
Denial with no and neither
It is the negative particles that cause the most difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that they are used in various speech situations. So, the particle is not used when it is necessary to convey the negation of the proposal as a whole. ( Don't talk to me like that! I can't help but go to this meeting . )
Another thing is not a particle. It is designed to reinforce the already existing denial. In other words, it is always used together with not , giving it additional meaning. By the way, instead of a particle there cannot be an equal word no. (There is neither a cloud, nor clouds in the sky. I will not go to the store or visit — I want to stay at home.) No word, which is a predicate, can be omitted, it can easily be restored from context. (There is not a soul in the house. Wed: There is not a soul in the house.)
The particle can neither take an amplifying value. (Wherever I look, everyone rejoices to the first sun.) In such cases, the official word is used in subordinate clauses together with relative pronouns, for example, who, what, where, where.
Spelling neither nor
When not to write, but when? The answer is simple: try to “throw out” the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change - you need to use neither , otherwise - not. ( Whatever book I read, I always meet heroes who are similar to my loved ones.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will remain the same, it will not suffer grammatically.
(Those who did not prepare for exams passed them very badly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will be reversed. Needs to be consumed not .
It should also be remembered that exclamation sentences along with the particle only always do not spell . (Where he just did not look for the loss - all is useless!)