A huge number of mushrooms grow in nature. They are singled out in a separate kingdom. Among them, edible, poisonous and inedible mushrooms are distinguished. What is bicuspid champignon? Read about his description and cultivation in the article.
Historical reference
Champignons of this species began to be cultivated in the 17th century in Italy. To do this, they gathered turf from the pasture along with mycelium and brought it home. The beds were well seasoned with manure and planted mushroom there. Later, cultivation in premises was widely spread, in which quarries were used. They throughout the year maintained the regime of temperature and humidity.
From Italy, mushrooms spread to France and Switzerland, and by the beginning of the 18th century - to other European countries. In Russia, champignons became known in the first half of the 18th century. Obviously, amateur gardeners were engaged in their cultivation. Only at the beginning of the 19th century champignons appeared in our country, which were built by a peasant named Osinin. In the last decade of the same century, they learned how to obtain sterile mycelium. Already in the 70s of the last century, mushroom cultivation was known in 30 countries of the world.
Origin
For a long time, scientists considered champignon bicorean variety of common champignon, widespread in the wild. But at the beginning of the last century, a detailed study between them revealed differences. Biologists later described bicuspid champignon as an independent species, not known in nature. With regard to origin, there is another opinion.
The emergence of a new species is associated with the cultivation process. At the beginning of the last century, in the 30s, scientists discovered double-yard mushrooms. Why in culture did they get distribution? For cultivation, wild mycelium was used. It contained close species, the growth conditions of which were similar. Two-ring mushrooms got on the garden plots together with a two-yard mushroom. But they did not receive distribution, as they were replaced by double-yard mushrooms.
Description
The hat has a hemispherical shape with a depressed center and curled edges. Its surface is finely scaly, fibrous, light brown. Such mushrooms grow in nature. Champignons with a hat of white and cream shades and a smooth, shiny surface were bred artificially.
The hat has a diameter of 5 to 15 cm, very rarely 30-33 cm. Its lower part consists of frequent free plates. In a young fungus, they have a gray-pink color, with growth they acquire a dark brown, then a dark brown hue, and by the time of maturation they turn purple. The spore powder is dark brown.
The leg is thick in volume, its diameter reaches three centimeters. It has a cylindrical shape, sometimes narrowed to the base. The legs have a smooth surface, the length is different: from three to eight centimeters.
The pulp has a dense texture and whitish color, which changes at the cut and turns pink. Champignon has a pleasant smell of mushrooms.
Spread
These mushrooms grow close to a person: in a garden, vegetable garden or in a greenhouse. They can be found on pasture, along roads, in ditches. They are rare, but grow in the forest in areas not populated by grass. They are cultivated in many countries of the world.
Industrial cultivation
To date, about 80% of all mushrooms grown in the world for production purposes are champignons. Only one species is grown - double-species. 70 countries are engaged in their cultivation, among which the USA is the main producer. The share of mushroom production in this country is 25% of the world level. France takes the second place, where champignons have been cultivated for several centuries. Here, 200 thousand tons of mushrooms are grown annually. Large-scale cultivation of two-yard champignon is carried out in the Netherlands, Great Britain, Poland, Taiwan and South Korea.
For industrial cultivation, a special composition of the substrate is used: steamed horse manure and straw. Usually, up to five crops per year are harvested, after which further use of the substrate becomes unprofitable. They are fertilized with agricultural land located far from mushroom plantations so that the causative agents of their diseases do not affect the plants that will be planted on these lands.
Champignons in blocks
Mushroom cultivation can be carried out in several ways: in bags, containers, on shelves or beds. Recently, the most popular and profitable is the block method of cultivation. You do not need to engage in compost production for this. It is important to find a high quality compost supplier here. Production of mushroom blocks is carried out from straw, pome husk, peat, manure, sawdust, chalk or gypsum and spring or purified water are added there. Blocks already contain mycelium. They are stacked horizontally on racks, holes are made on the surface. To prevent drying, cover with burlap. Two-Yarrow champignon is grown (photo is presented in the article) at a temperature of 14-16 ° C. Two weeks later, the mushroom block is covered with white mycelium. It is very important at this time to maintain the indicated temperature and provide good ventilation so that the room is ventilated.
After this, the blocks should be covered with peat three to five centimeters thick. Lighting should be dim and turn on for 9 hours. If the surface begins to dry out, it should be watered, but carefully so as not to wet the substrate.
After covering the blocks with a cover layer, the ventilation stops so that fruiting bodies do not form inside the soil. After a week, ventilation is turned back on, since the process of mushroom growth is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide, so an influx of fresh air is necessary. Humidity should be high, more than 70%. If there is a lack of oxygen in the room where the mushrooms are grown, and the air is dry, the mushrooms are covered with brown spots. The collection of the first champignons begins two months later. Five to seven crops are harvested per year.
Similar views
Champignon bicorean, like all its species, has similarities with other varieties that are not always edible. For example, motley champignon is a poisonous mushroom. It features a smoky white hat with scales on a brown surface. The trouble is that this mushroom is not only a forest inhabitant. It can calmly grow in a city park.
Another representative of the poisonous mushroom is yellow-skinned champignon. It differs in the white color of the cap, on the surface of which there are brownish blots in the center. The fungus is dangerous due to its great resemblance to edible champignons.