Studying Russian (or any other) language, schoolchildren and students are confronted with the concept of "phonetic transcription." Dictionaries and encyclopedias interpret this term as a way of recording spoken language in order to more accurately convey pronunciation. In other words, transcription conveys the sound side of the language, allowing you to reflect it on the letter with the help of certain characters.
Phonetic transcription plays an important role in the study of foreign languages. After all, this recording method allows you to display and understand the pronunciation of letters and reading rules. Transcription deviates from traditional spelling rules (especially in Russian), if they do not coincide with pronunciation. In a letter, it is indicated by letters enclosed in square brackets. In addition, there are additional signs that indicate, for example, the softness of the consonants, the longitude of the vowels, etc.
Each language has its own phonetic transcription, reflecting the sound side of this particular speech. I must say that in Russian, in addition to the usual letters that do not cause difficulties, additional ones can also be found. For example, j, i is used here (mine, pit, etc.). In addition, vowel sounds in some positions are designated as "b" and "b" ("ep" and "yer"). Of interest are the signs [and e ] and [s e ].
Russian phonetic transcription is the main way to transmit in writing the characteristics of the word that we perceive by ear. It is necessary in order to better understand the discrepancies that exist between sounds and letters in the language, the lack of a clear correspondence between them. The rules for transcribing vowels are based primarily on the position of the sound relative to the stress. In other words, the scheme of qualitative reduction of unstressed is used here.
I must say that the international phonetic transcription, as well as Russian, does not have punctuation marks and capital letters. Dots and commas that are familiar in writing are indicated here as pauses. Also, ways of writing a word (through a hyphen, separately) are not taken into account. What is important here is not vocabulary, but phonetics, namely the sound.
Phonetic transcription is also used in dialectology, in order to record the pronunciation features as accurately as possible, and in orthoepy, where pronunciation variants are demonstrated using it.
The rules for transcribing in the Russian language say that almost all letters are used here, except for the iotated letters E, , Yu, Z (in some textbooks, however, E is excluded from this list and is used in recording sounds). These letters are indicated on the letter either by the softness of the previous consonant, or by j + the corresponding vowels (e, o, y, a).
Also, phonetic transcription in Russian does not have the designation U, which is written as a long S. The superscript and subscript characters that are used in the work are called diacritical. With the help of them they denote the longitude of sound, softness, partial loss of sonority by consonants, non-syllable nature of sound, etc.
Knowledge of the rules of transcription is necessary to study the features of pronunciation and writing in the language.