Learning to read on their own, children notice: sometimes the beginning of a word is printed on one line, and the continuation is on the next. This phenomenon is called transference and obeys the rules of the Russian language. Pupils get to know him in the first grade. Russian language, transfer rules - this is the topic of this article.
The basic principle
To be absolutely exact, there are two transfer principles - syllabic and morphemic, but the second is quite complicated for elementary school. Therefore, for the first time, children are introduced to hyphenation in accordance with the following logic: any text consists of sentences, and those, in turn, are made of words. Words can be divided into syllables.
If there is no space left on the line for writing a noun, adjective or other part of the speech as a whole, it is necessary to carry out the transfer. On the letter it is indicated by a dash. In order to execute it correctly, the word needs to be divided into syllables. There are exactly as many as vowels. The transfer rules in Russian are based on this.
Below is an example of the division of words into syllables.
- Monosyllables: table, chalk, whine, fluff, bread, crackle.
- Two-fold: in the form of rock, one hundred faces, Cree cheat, she-I, mo-roses.
- Three-complex: po-ro-shock, hundred-ru-ha, in-se-lok, ko-le-so.
- Polysyllabic: rast-hundred-i-ni-e, pla-va-ni-e, polo-vi-na.
Rules for monosyllabic and polysyllabic words
The simplest word transfer rule in Russian is for monosyllables. They are written on one line and cannot be split. In these words there is only one vowel sound, while there may be few or no consonants: I, we, forehead, course, trunk, smack. Test yourself by completing the task shown in the picture.
For the rest of the words there are several transfer methods. Consider this with examples, indicating all valid options:
- Milk (milk, milk).
- Affiliation (affiliation, affiliation, affiliation).
- Sneak (under-nonsense, podha-lima, sneak-maj).
When translating polysyllabic words there are many difficulties. For example, what if the syllable consists of one letter? To do this, consider prohibitive transfer rules. There are only 4 of them in Russian, and children get to know them in the first grade.
Can not carry
There are wonderful poems that are given in the lessons and illustrate one of the prohibitive rules:
We studied the transference.
This is how I transferred the words:
"Barely" I suffered an "e-two" -
And got two for it!
I’ve got a “prick” “u-count” -
And got a count for it! (O. Neverova)
The rule itself is as follows: you can neither carry, nor leave one letter on one line. Both words in the given poem are not transferable. As the following options are impossible: long-necked, u-kaz, premium.
Despite the fact that vowels represent a separate syllable, during the transfer they must join either the previous or the next. The correct options are: long-neck, decree, premium.
We follow the syllabic principle
In the first class, three more important transfer rules are studied. In Russian, by the way, this is a common practice, but in foreign languages, including English, the average word length is not so long, so they practically do not resort to this action. All three rules relate to compliance with the syllabic principle:
- When transferring, you cannot separate the consonant from the vowel following it. For example, mountains, cookies. The correct options are go-ro-dock, cakes.
- It is impossible to carry a part of a word that is not a syllable. For example: vo-st-re-bo-van-ny, ba-lo-vst-in. Correct options: east-re-bo-van-ny, bang-lovst-in.
- From the previous consonants it is also impossible to separate the letters "b", "b", "y". We give an example of such words and consider the correct transfer options. Departure - disconnect; painful - painful; district - paradise; kohlrabi - kol-ra-bi.
In elementary school, children analyze simple cases, therefore, the study of the topic is limited by these rules. In the second grade, students repeat what they have learned, dwelling in more detail on the nuances. For example, how to transfer a word with a double consonant. As a rule, one letter is left on the first line, and the second is transferred to the next. For example, ten-nis, story, group-pa, trol-lei-bus.
Morpheme principle of transfer
The words also highlight significant parts - roots, prefixes, endings, suffixes - morphemes. Sometimes nouns, adjectives and other parts of speech can be tolerated in two ways: by syllable and by morpheme principle. In the second case, the significant parts of the word are not separated: noisy. Another option (according to syllables) is also considered correct: noisy.
Consider the cases when the morpheme principle of transfer should be observed in priority:
- At the junction of the root and the prefix. For example, bring, send. Sometimes it is not possible to isolate the prefix, then the transfer is carried out according to syllables, that is, the options are acceptable: reason - reason, reason-mind.
- If the prefix consists of one syllable, and the root begins with a consonant sound. For example, d-bit is the wrong option. That's right - to beat.
- You can not tear off the first letter of the root, leaving it with the prefix. For example, to send is an incorrect transfer. That's right - send.
Transfer rules in the Russian language have exceptions. So, the first letter of the root is not transferred, if we are talking about the letter "s": raz-grat (root-and (s) gr). It is necessary to carry out the transfer according to the syllables: to play, but you can not play.
One of the most difficult is the Russian language. The rules for word transfer (Grade 2) are considered only in the aspect of the syllable principle. Morphemes are studied at the middle level, so in the fifth grade, children should learn the following:
- In words with two roots, the rule applies - you cannot tear one letter from the second. For example, a five-gram one is the wrong option. That's right - five grams.
- Several consonants inside or at the junction of the root suggest the admissibility of various options: sun, sun, sun.
Rules for the transfer of words in Russian: memo
Brief conclusions on the topic can be seen in the picture below. In addition, you should know that the following are not subject to transfer:
- All kinds of abbreviations. For example, NATO, UNESCO, IAEA, OSCE.
- Measures presented in the reduction. For example, 5 kg, 200 km, 1 t, 15 ha.
- The endings connected with the previous digit with a hyphen - accretion. For example, a 50-year-old, at the 101st kilometer, the 25th year.
- Any conditional reductions: units. h; etc.; etc., etc.
- All puncture marks.
We draw attention to the importance of the dash. Without it, there is no transference, but there are two completely independent words. Therefore, it is necessary to put this sign.
We carry out the translation strictly according to syllables, with the exception of those rare cases when the division of a word into its parts (morphemes) becomes priority.