The adjective name is one of the main parts of speech in the Russian language, used by its carriers constantly. It has a number of indicators, therefore, before answering the question of how the name of the adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.
What is an adjective?
The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language a long time ago, and it was derived from the Latin word adjectivum, which in translation means “addition”. That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “the name that is attached to the noun”.
By and large, the adjective denotes the lexical and grammatical class of word forms denoting the non-procedural attribute of the subject. The lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition, in especially complex cases they are a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective: three in one
Speaking of the adjective, three understandings of this term should be noted. According to the first, adjectives proper, adjectives, participles and ordinal numbers should be attributed to this part of speech. The lexical meaning of these words (feature of the subject) is supplemented by new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the name of the adjective.
There is a formal position of a moderate type, in which only adjectives and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the XX century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by “Russian Grammar-80”.
With a narrow understanding of the name of the adjective, only adjectives proper are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the signs by which this or that part of speech is highlighted. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is being analyzed.
How does the name adjective change?
The adjective has a number of morphological categories by which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech, the end of the adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.
Adjectives change by gender, number, and case, and when the word goes into the plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that the adjective is used with an indeclinable noun, and at the end it is not possible to obtain complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the end of the adjective. The number of the name of the adjective plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.
Short and complete adjectives
Most adjectives have a short and complete form. In the days of the Old Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms were used as priority, now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.
Adjectives in full form are most often put before a noun, in which case they play the role of definition in a sentence. If the full adjective is behind the noun, it is most often the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If the sentence does not have a verb, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.
Brief adjectives are most often located behind a noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If the sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the role of a separate agreed definition.
Short forms of adjectives (quality)
Some high-quality adjectives have retained a short form; these are the remains of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually indicate temporary signs that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular sign.
In modern Russian, the short form is formed using the basics of full adjectives, to which you should add the generic endings. In the formation of short masculine adjectives, an alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with zero sound may appear, this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives that are actively used in folklore and fiction. Brief adjectives can only be of high quality and vary only by gender and number, they are most often used in postposition with respect to the noun.
Adjective ranks
To understand how the name adjective changes, it is necessary to touch on its lexico-grammatical categories. High-quality adjectives can indicate the qualities of people, objects and animals, color signs, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon referred to in the proposal.
Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to the object or any action. With the help of them the relation to persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers is designated. The lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, adjectives with suffixes of possessiveness belong to it, in the narrow sense, part of speech should simultaneously have two attributes - a suffix and an individual belonging to a person or object.
How to analyze an adjective?
Morphological analysis of the adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both the school level and the university level, so it will not cause any difficulties and additional hassle. If necessary, you can consult with linguistic guides.
In the analysis it is necessary to indicate: the word form, the affiliation of the word form to a part of speech, categorical meaning, initial form + question to it and semantic question. Next, you must specify all the lexical and grammatical indicators and type of declination (with indicators). For high-quality adjectives, it will be necessary to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by which noun indicators the adjective is consistent with the noun (gender, number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Unstressed endings of adjectives
Quite often, a situation arises when it is very difficult to check the end of an adjective , since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a number of questions (which? Which? Which? Which? Which?). It should be remembered about exceptions - adjectives ending in "-th", "-th", "-th", "-th", in most forms they have a soft sign before the end: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
The exception is the form of the nominative and accusative case of the singular masculine. If the adjective was formed from the name of any month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
How is the adjective name learned?
Earlier, the time when the name of the adjective began to be studied (3rd grade) was far from satisfying for everyone, which is why children today learn much about speech much earlier than previous generations. The adjective is much easier to learn, because it is closely related to another part of speech - the noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To find out how the adjective name changes, you need to do your best in the lessons and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large amount of scientific literature and find the answer to his question. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.
In the university format, the adjective is studied much deeper, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student to repeat only a basic understanding of this part of the speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.