The very word "orthoepy" is of Greek origin and is accurately translated from the roots as "correct speaking." By "correct speaking" is meant the normative pronunciation of all the sounds of the language and correctly placed stresses.
Literary Russian language and literary speech
There is such a concept - modern literary Russian (otherwise - ). This is a huge complex of words and permissible forms, which are the norm. CPRs are necessarily used on radio, on television and in other media, they communicate with him in official situations and in public places with strangers. But, in addition to the literary language, there is also literary speech, that is, a set of laws and rules that correspond to the rate of pronunciation of certain sounds or words. The orthoepic norms of the Russian language are these laws. They are used in the same media.
We do not speak as we write
The principle on which Russian spelling is based is the unchanging form of morpheme in word formation. That is, how the root or the suffix decided to write down once, they will use it in all words with this morpheme (each rule has its own exceptions, therefore there are phenomena such as alternation in the root of the vowels). However, it is clear that we cannot always pronounce the morpheme in the same way, even if we write so. Our language is trying to somehow ease its duties by slightly changing the sounds, shortening the path from the place of formation of one sound to another, and as a result, the words are pronounced a bit differently than they are written. It turns out that the orthoepic norms of the Russian language are laws by which words must be correctly distorted during pronunciation. These rules were compiled by linguists based on the pronunciation of the central regions of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, in short.
Basic orthoepic norms of the Russian language
A) Hiccup is one of the laws by which words are changed during pronunciation. Hiccup is the transformation of e into and in an unstressed position.
B) Ykan is the transformation of you into an unstressed position.
C) Akane is the transformation of a into a in an unstressed position.
D) Stunning is a change in the pronunciation of voiced sound to the corresponding pair of deaf in certain positions, in front of another deaf, for example.
E) Sounding is a change in the pronunciation of a muffled sound to the corresponding pairy voiced in certain positions - before the sonorous (always voiced), at the beginning of words or before the vowel.
These are only the basic and most significant laws. In addition to them, there is also the pronunciation of each letter established by the norm, the correct stress in the words, and so on.
Pronunciation changes
Naturally, the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language may differ from the norms of, say, the XIV century: then in his daily life, Russian people had a completely different set of languages and a different vocabulary. Unlike SLR, not all speak or can speak literary speech. In different regions of Russia, the sound of words is distorted in different ways: in the Vologda Oblast, for example, perniciousness is widespread, that is, a change from a to o into an unstressed position, and in the south the letter r is pronounced in the Ukrainian manner - with mitigation.
Orthoepy in foreign languages
The languages of other countries also have their own laws for the distortion of words, the same as the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Some of them even influenced spelling. In Belarusian, for example, the phonetic principle of writing is generally used, that is, during word formation, the original form of a morpheme can be changed if its pronunciation has changed. And in Turkish, Finnish and some others, a phenomenon such as syngarmonism or otherwise - vowel harmony is common. The fact is that, due to the grammatical features of the language, the words in it can be very long, and the language is simply not able to pronounce so many different vowels and consonants. Therefore, syngarmonism appears - the assimilation of all vowels of a word to one percussion.
Over time, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language change. In some cases, for example with stresses, this happens quite quickly. Nevertheless, the ability to master modern literary Russian speech is necessary for an intelligent person.