The Russian language course in the school curriculum provides for the study of all official and significant parts of speech. To study each of them there is a section of the language that takes a certain amount of time. One of the voluminous topics is "Numeral Name". It contains many sections. This is the structure of this part of speech, in which there are quantitative, ordinal, integer, fractional and collective numerals. As well as ways of using words denoting numbers in a sentence, their change by gender and declension by cases.
Definition
The study of the section on the name of the numeral begins with the third grade and continues throughout the school course. In the Russian language textbook, the definition sounds something like this: is it an independent part of speech, which is formed by an incomplete group of words indicating the number and number of objects, as well as their serial number when counting and answering what questions ? and how much? The initial form of the numeral is nominative.
Morphological features of the numeral
Like other independent parts of speech, the numeral name has variable and constant signs. The former include gender, number, and case form, and the others, belonging to the category and type in the system of numerals. It is these morphological characters that are the basis for recognizing this part of speech as independent.
Digits
By value, all numerals are divided into two categories:
- Quantitative. As a rule, words related to this category indicate the number and number of objects. Among quantitative numerals, three types are distinguished: integer ( five, eight, twenty ), fractional ( one fifth, three fourth ) and collective ( two, both, five ). It should be noted that some types of quantitative numerals can be used simultaneously, forming mixed numbers. For example: two integers and three fourths, one whole and one second. Collective and fractional numerals cannot be used together.
- Ordinal. Words that belong to this category indicate the serial number of the subject or person in the account. For example: fifth, seventh, thirty-third, one hundred and fifty-eighth . As can be seen from the example, such numerals can consist of one word or several.
Numeral structure by composition
Depending on how many words a numeral name consists of, it can be simple ( one, forty ), complex ( sixty, seventy ) and compound ( twenty-five, two-thirds ). It should be noted that those numerals that are built on the basis of simple ones, for example, five and ten to fifty, are complex.
Collective numbers and their signs
Collective numerals are a special group of words that indicate a collection of objects or persons. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse simple numerals with collective ones. To prevent this from happening, they need to learn to distinguish. For example: two fishermen - a simple numeral; two fishermen - collective numeral. This type is formed on the basis of a quantitative numeral by adding the suffix -o or -er- and the ending -e or -o . For example: two - two, three - three, four - four, five - five, six - six, seven - seven, eight - eight, nine - nine, ten - ten.
Numeral declension
As already mentioned, one of the inconstant signs of this part of speech is a change in cases. This topic is difficult enough for assimilation, and many make mistakes when deciding the numerals by cases even as adults. And the reason for this is the special forms of the declension of certain words. Each type of numerals is inclined according to certain rules:
- The declination of collective numerals is performed in the same way as in the case of adjectives in the plural.
- When changing the case form of a fractional number, the first part is declined as a prime integer, and the second as an ordinal number in the plural.
- Quantitative numerals in declension have their own peculiarities: the number "one" is inclined according to the type of the pronoun "this", and the remaining numbers should be considered as an example. It is also worth noting that when declining composite numerals, all parts of the number are inclined.
Examples of declension numerals
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Instrumental | Prepositional |
| Who? what? | whom? why? | to whom? to what? | whom? what? | by whom? than? | about whom? about what? |
| two | two | two | two two | two | about two |
| one | one | to one | one, one | one | about one |
| five hundred and twenty | five hundred and twenty | five hundred and twenty | five hundred and twenty | five hundred and twenty | about five hundred and twenty |
| forty | magpie | magpie | forty | magpie | about forty |
| one thousand four | four thousand | one thousand four | one thousand four | one thousand four | about a thousand and four |
| three hundred and three | three hundred and three | three hundred and three | three hundred and three | three hundred and three | about three hundred and three |
| four | four | four | four four | four | about four |
It is also worth noting that such quantitative numbers as a little, a lot, can be used only in the nominative and accusative case. But words are few, many, several, and how many, when used in indirect cases, get endings similar to adjectives in the plural.
Numeric syntactic compatibility
Another important topic in the section on the numeral is the use of this part of speech. Quite often in everyday life you have to make sentences with collective numbers, and therefore you should know how to pronounce and write them correctly. And in order to prevent mistakes, one should study not only the declension of the numerals by cases, but also the topic that reveals with which the collective numeral can be combined. The noun is the main companion of the numerator in syntactic compatibility. And there are a lot of features that every educated person should know.
The use of quantitative integers and ordinal numbers
If the numeral in the sentence is used in the nominative and accusative cases, then the noun should be in the form of a genitive case. For example: nine notebooks, twenty roses, five people.
It should also be noted that such numerals as one and a half, four, three and two, are combined only with nouns in the singular, and all the rest - in the plural. For example: two notebooks, three roses, four people.
The above examples show syntactic compatibility called control, since the case of a noun depends on the numeral.
Another type of compatibility is coordination, when both one and the other parts of speech are used in the same case. The exception in this case is only the word one , which is consistent with the noun in all cases.
When coordinating ordinal numbers with a noun, they behave in the same way as adjectives. For example: the eighth week, tenth day, fourth day . When declining such a numeral in cases, it should be borne in mind that only the end of the last word changes. For example: one hundred and fifty-fifth paragraph .
The use of collective numbers
Collective numerals are combined with nouns only in the genitive case. The exception is the word both , in which the companion should have only the plural. For example: seven kittens and both friends.