The word is the basic unit of speech and is studied in various departments of linguistics. So, the sound side of a word is studied in the Phonetics section. Here the presence of vowels, consonants, the number of stressed and unstressed syllables, etc. is considered. Its belonging to one or another part of speech is studied in the Morphology section. The role of a word in a sentence is examined by a section of the Syntax language. The meaning of the word, its meaning, the scope of its use, stylistic coloring, its historical origin is studied by the section of Lexicology.
The lexical and grammatical meanings of words are interconnected. Therefore, when the lexical (or semantic) meaning of a word changes, its grammatical functions also change. You can learn more about what antonym and synonym, paronym, their features you can in the textbook about the language. In this article, brief information about these concepts is given.
What is the antonym and synonym
Antonyms (from the Greek. Anti - against + onuma - name) - these are words that are opposite in meaning. They are used in the language to indicate contrast:
kind angry;
beautiful - scary;
hot Cold;
ice is a flame;
high Low;
polite - rude;
hate is love;
labor is idleness;
war is peace;
winter - summer, etc.
In the given examples, the opposite values of quality, state in the properties of objects and phenomena are concluded. But it cannot be said that in Russian, all words have their own pair of antonyms. For example: nouns with a specific meaning - a wall, a table, a window - do not have a pair.
Antonyms can be:
- With different roots: war is peace, slowly is fast, black is white.
- One-root: honest - dishonorable, high - low.
- With the prefixes “for-” and “from-”, “for-” and “you-”, which have the opposite meaning: open - close, bury - dig.
Antonyms adorn speech, make it bright and expressive. Antonyms are widely used in folklore, in proverbs and sayings: "Is it far - is it close, is it high - is it is low", in fiction: "Perhaps, all the misfortunes from the field mail, he was considered dead, but he came alive." (A. Twardowski).
Product titles sometimes consist of antonyms, "Domestic and Wild Animals"; War and Peace, Days and Nights.
Synonyms (from the Greek word synonymos - letters. Of the same name) are words that are close in meaning, differ in spelling and pronunciation, and also in different shades. They are divided into ideographic (semantic) and stylistic.
Ideographic (they are also called semantic) synonyms
Compare: a big house, a huge house, a huge house.
It is clear what is said about the big house, but with every word the shade changes. In the first word it is large, in the second it is already larger than the first, and in the third it is larger than the first and second. As you can see, their spelling is different.
Synonyms - anxiety, excitement, anxiety - have a common, close meaning: anxiety, lack of peace.
Stylistic synonyms
Such words differ in stylistic shades: finger - finger (mouth); future-future (book) - upcoming.
The appearance of synonyms :
- The similarity of objects and phenomena, designating them with a new word. For example: news, rumor, hearing, communication, news.
- From the transition of words of another language into Russian: the embryo is the embryo, the guide is the guide.
- From the obsolete words of poetic speech: finger - finger, forehead - forehead, eye - eye, shore - Breg.
- From colloquial, colloquial household, dialect speech and from stable phrases: eyes - peepers, fierce - fierce.
- From different root words: blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm.
- From the terminological combinations of words: air fleet - aviation, dentist - dentist.
Several synonyms that are close in meaning form a synonymous series.
Synonyms of the Russian language play a large role in speech. They help to clearly convey the idea, avoid unnecessary repetitions, show different shades of words, phenomena, qualities. They are widely used in artistic, scientific and colloquial speech: "I bent such a hook, I went so far, I saw such flour, and I knew such sadness." (A. Twardowski).
Now you have an idea of what antonym and synonym are. Let's move on to the synonyms.
Paronyms (Greek para - near, ohyma - name) - words of the same root, similar in sound, but having different meanings. Just like synonyms, antonyms, and paronyms enrich speech, help accurately and correctly express thoughts. They create a lot of puns. For example: “Once a coppot, basking, told his wife, yearning: I will ask the children I will, and I will dispel the longing!” A similar consonance, but a completely different meaning of the words gives a vivid word game.
Paronyms may differ by suffixes: poika - watering, boiled - boiled. They have consonant prefixes: went - drove up.
Practice!
Here is a picture. We call it the "Miracles of Nature." Indeed, an amazing combination of ice, snow and the flame of the setting sun. Try using antonyms and synonyms to make beautiful text. Parse the sentences, see what members of the sentences they can be.
Knowing what is antonym and synonym, paronym, the ability to use them, decorate them with emotional, artistic, scientific, colloquial speech gives you ample opportunities. They are a very interesting feature of any language.