Skis belong to the cyclical category of sports. Competitions are held on a special track taking into account age and gender restrictions. This sport was founded in Norway in the 18th century. Following the ski mastered in Finland and Sweden. International racing in Europe appeared only at the end of the 19th century. In 1924, it was decided to organize the FIS Federation, which today includes 98 countries of the world.
Ski Classification
Currently, each athlete selects the appropriate snow movement technique for himself. There are no certain standards and requirements for the move, even in official competitions. Someone chooses an accelerated type of movement, someone - strategic, someone - mixed.
At the moment, there are the following types of ski runs: classic and skating. The former relate to the main and frequently used group, the latter are a bit simpler in technique, but slower in moving speed.
Skate moves are based on sliding foot movements. Here, the technique comes down to free support with steps.
The main ski runs, that is, classic ones, are divided into one-, two- and four-step. The main difference between the species is the repulsion and jerking cycle. There is also a stepless move, but it is used only in rare cases by experienced professionals. In addition, the classic ways of driving on the highway are simultaneous and alternating. Here the fundamental difference lies in the work of hands and supports.
Pitchless move
Movement is carried out due to a one-time jerk with your hands. This classic ski run is most often used on plains and gentle slopes, when sliding conditions are rated as good. For one cycle, the simultaneous repulsion of the supports and the subsequent movement along the track are taken. The distance between jerking hands should be between 5 and 9 meters. The average duration varies from 0.8 to 1.2 s. The maximum speed during the descent is up to 12 m / s.
Such simultaneous ski runs are conventionally divided into 2 phases: free and forced gliding. The first occurs during movement after pushing the supports off the surface, the second - at the moment of jerking hands.
The main nuance of this move is to prevent loss of speed. Inexperienced athletes slow down during repulsion. Because of this, the rhythm breaks and the load on muscle mass increases.
One-step move
This is the most common option for driving on a snowy highway. A one-step move is to coordinate the torso and limbs, as well as to maintain balance. The basis of the technique lies in the fact that immediately after the simultaneous repulsion, the athlete must bring his arms and body forward. This will achieve the maximum speed of free sliding.
After completing the step, it is necessary to remove the sticks with rings from yourself. Foot repulsion should be moderate. While sliding the stick, you should again turn the rings towards you. The angle between the track and the supports should be as sharp as possible. This will allow you to develop high speed and make gliding longer.
The time cycle takes about 1.5 s, and the length is up to 7 meters. It is worth noting that such a classic ski run is only suitable for sections of the track with excellent sliding conditions. In the case of flat terrain, the snow should be coarse-grained or have an icy crust.
High speed single stroke
This option is used only on slopes with a high level of sliding. Such simultaneous ski runs are based on strong foot repulsion. During the cycle, the jerk supports should be 7-9 meters. At this distance, in 1.2 seconds, the athlete needs to have time to make one reinforced push with his foot. Speed is about 8-10 m / s.
The main difference from the main one-step view is the removal of the supporting leg forward while sliding. Here, the technique of movement is reduced to 6 phases. The first is gliding on both skis, the second is the sliding up of the supporting leg, the third is the lunge of the body. Next, the athlete pushes and straightens the hip joint. The fifth phase is one-support gliding. At the final stage, movement with repulsion by hand occurs.
Two-step operation
It is used only on flat terrain under sliding conditions above satisfactory. The simultaneous two-stage ski run is based on cyclical technology. It consists of pushing the supports, two sliding steps and free movement on both skis. The athlete must complete this entire complex in 2 seconds, otherwise a significant loss of time and a tempo failure will be recorded. The distance between jerking hands is 8-10 meters. At the same time, beginner skiers gain speed up to 5 m / s, professionals - up to 7 m / s.
The main nuance of the technique is the active approach of the flywheel to the supporting leg during sliding. Thanks to this, the pace of movement and balance will not be disturbed. The cycle ends at the moment of separation by supports from the surface of the track.
Two-step operation
This variation of movement on the track is suitable for both professionals and novice athletes because of its simplicity. The classic alternating two - stroke skiing is used on slopes and plains with poor sliding conditions. At high steepness of the descent, this technique can lead to a loss of balance and a fall.
Two-stage alternating ski runs allow you to reach speeds of up to 7.5 m / s. The cycle length is from 4 to 7 meters with a duration of 1.5 seconds. The technique is based on two successive steps, which are accompanied by alternating jerks with your hands.
The course consists of 5 stages: sliding on the left track, straightening the supporting leg, crouching, lunging forward and pushing away. The athlete's task is to move without slowing down. To do this, you should quickly perform each movement and instantly prepare for a jerk with your hand after each step. It is important not to lose balance when pushing away with your feet.
Four-step stroke
The cycle of movements is reduced to 4 steps and 2 successive repulsions by hand. This classic ski run is suitable exclusively for the flat sections of the track. Travel speed is up to 6 m / s. Cycle time - up to 2.2 s. Moreover, its maximum length is 10 meters.
Here, at the same time as pushing with the foot, the skier should bring forward the corresponding arm. The support rises. The push with the foot is sliding. At the end of the repulsion, the rider raises the bent arm to shoulder level. Gliding continues on one leg.
All jerks must be performed with the same strength and angle of excretion. Due to the complex technique, this type of movement is rarely used even by professionals.
Features of the ridge
This method of skiing is most often used in sharp turns. Refers to running equipment. Skate skiing is also suitable for steep climbs. Before learning such a specific technique, one must perfectly master the classic alternating look. The basis of the ridge course is a traditional two-step alternating look.
This variation of movement along the highway by professionals is often used to disperse. At the same time, the movements of the rider resemble the actions of a skater. The first athlete to use this form in official competitions in the 1980s was the Swede Gunde Svan.
Today, the skate code is used in both relay skiers and biathlon. It also has its own classification: simultaneous one- and two-stage, half-crowned and alternating. A parallel can be drawn between each of these variations. A common and fundamental element of the technique is the repulsion from the surface of the inner edge of the track. In this case, the
body weight is transferred to the sliding leg.
In the ridge form there are no cycles. All limbs work equally in an arbitrary time period.
Turns and descents
The main nuance when changing the direction of skiing is to maintain balance. The result of incorrect entry into the turn will be a loss of speed and a risk of falling. Often, even professional athletes have serious injuries because of this.
The skiing technique provides for 3 types of turns: stepping, plow and semi-plow. The first option is suitable for gentle slopes, the second - for a sharp section of the route, the third - for zigzag slopes.
In direct descent, the position of the ski racks (higher or lower) should be varied to control the speed of movement. On steep slopes, the zigzag technique is suitable when the body moves from side to side. On short sharp descents, the best option would be to move with lateral (transverse) sliding. Descent with a ladder is suitable for level slopes with obstacles.
Braking principle
The technique of skiing describes not only moves and descents, but also methods of stopping movement.
Plow braking is applied on straight slopes on gentle slopes. Ski socks are held together. The course is free on the inner ribs.
Semi-plow braking consists in retracting only one ski to the side. The second continues to slide in the direction of travel.
Fall braking is used only in emergency situations if a quick stop is needed. The sticks are held with the points back, and the rider himself crouches and leans to the side.
Support braking is applied on zigzag descents. The sticks are brought together and lowered by the tips into the snow surface. The movement slows down with increasing pressure on the supports.
Lifting technique
All types of ski runs have their own ways of moving up the slopes. Each technique depends on the steepness of the track, its length, the nature of the cover, the skill of the rider.
Herringbone lifting is when the athlete widely spreads the socks of the skis and rigidly stands on the inner ribs. In this case, the support on the sticks is made alternately with the movement of the legs.
Half-lifting is carried out similarly, but with the withdrawal of only one ski track to the side.
A short flight of stairs can be climbed on steep slopes. The technique comes down to the sequential movement of poles and skis.
Stepping up is used on level slopes. To do this, the body leans forward, and the movement is achieved due to strong jerking hands.