In the lessons of the Russian language, children, trying to master the letter, get acquainted with many rules, most of which require the ability to select test words. But how can one explain to the student that there are a huge number of exceptions that do not fit these standards?
Remember what dictionary words are? We all learned by heart how the words “September”, “goodbye”, “electricity”, “alley”, “highway” and others are written. Let's talk today about how to help our children remember them without nerves and tears.
What are “vocabulary words”?
The leading principle of Russian spelling is morphological. According to him, the same morphemes in a letter are denoted by the same letters, regardless of their pronunciation. For example, the root of “waters” is spelled the same in the words “water”, “submariner”, “backwater” , although it sounds differently. If the phoneme is in a weak position, schoolchildren are taught to select related lexemes. In them, the same sound should be in a strong position: eyes - eyes, sea - sea .
However, there are tokens whose spelling cannot be explained using spelling rules. You can probably give examples of words of this type yourself: milk, professor, bicycle, laboratory, train station . In a school course, they are called vocabulary. The spelling of such tokens is recommended to be checked by the spelling dictionary. However, the most common ones are offered to students for memorization. This practice begins with the first class. By the end of school, children should know about fifty vocabulary words.
Why can't they be checked?
What is a vocabulary word and why does it not spell obey standard rules? This question worries many students who are forced to cram the next list of “problem” tokens. The explanation is simple. Most vocabulary words are borrowed, and, therefore, are built on the principle of another language. For example, an unstressed vowel in the token “portfolio” can be checked by someone who knows French. "Port" in it means "carry."
Other vocabulary words are native Russian. However, due to historical changes in the language, they began to sound differently, diverging in meaning with the lexemes from which they were formed. Or related words simply went out of use and forgotten. How many of us remember that “honey” is the merging of the tokens “ honey” + “ good to eat ” ? What is a "bed" formed from "shelter" (a place in which to rest)? The word "frog" comes from the old "frog" (leg), which is not used now. Glancing at the etymological dictionary, we will find many interesting things for ourselves.
Dictionary words in Russian: how to remember?
There are children who easily learn new tokens. As a rule, their visual memory is well developed. However, most students are required to write a vocabulary word about a hundred times so that it is remembered tightly. In the primary grades, the following learning algorithm is proposed:
- Read the word in syllables as it is spelled. “Difficult” places were highlighted by voice. Explain its meaning in your own words, if necessary - turn to the explanatory dictionary.
- Write the word in volume letters. You can make them from velvet paper or buy a magnetic alphabet. Finger around all the letters.
- Divide the word into syllables, determine the number of vowels and consonants, part of speech.
- Rewrite the token in the notebook, highlighting the “problem” places in color.
- Come up with a sentence or a rhyme with a word.
- Closing your eyes, write it in the air. And then on paper from memory. Check yourself, correct the mistakes.
- For better memorization, write down or conjugate a word in writing, each time pronouncing it out loud.
Make cards
The learned words must be constantly repeated, otherwise they will be forgotten. Parents can help their children by making cards with learning tokens and hanging them around the apartment. The inscriptions will be remembered involuntarily and stored in the subconscious.
For example, you want to fix vocabulary words on the topic “Vegetables”: cabbage, carrots, tomato, potatoes, peas, cucumber, crop, vegetable garden . Invite the child to depict these products and sign with colored pencils. It is even better if he makes drawings in “dangerous” letters. These pictures should be related to the meaning of the word. So, “O” in the token “ cucumber ” turns into this green vegetable. In the word “ tomato ” it will be a tomato, and the middle crossbar of the letter “I” will be a knife. Attach pictures in prominent places.
Let's play!
Learning vocabulary words can be a tedious duty. But if you show a little imagination, it can turn into a fun, informative game. Here are some examples.
- Oral Crossword. You explain the meaning of the word, the child guesses it and writes it down. Give time to check. If the student himself found a mistake in the word, it corresponds 3 times. If the error went unnoticed - 5 times.
- Read tokens spelling. Mentally “place” them around the room: behind the sofa - felt boots, on the table - a telegram, in the closet - a passenger . An hour later, walk along this route, pronouncing all the words as they are written.
- On the back of your word cards, indicate the same tokens, but with missing letters. Fold them in a hat. Pulling out in turn, say aloud which letters to insert. For the correct answer, there is one point. The one with the most points wins.
- Sochinyalkin. Read the token you need to remember. Think of an example of a word with the same letter. Combine both tokens in one phrase or sentence: the ufologist ate the crop, the excavator went on an excursion, a skillful game.
So what are vocabulary words? This is a great material for creativity. Play with them, compose and write competently.