We are not at all surprised that at birth, children are not able to speak, and by the year they speak their first words, by three - related sentences, by six - learn to read and write.
We may well have no idea about the grammar of our native language, but still be fluent in it. Perhaps, if you ask people on the street about what a pronoun is, the majority at best will answer: "I, you ...". And this does not bother them in life.
However, the situation is different with the study of a foreign language. For a logical understanding of the rules, you just need to know the answer to the question "what is a pronoun and other parts of speech?" And then we find out that, it turns out, a pronoun is a word that does not name an object or its signs, but point to it. It is simply impossible to do without them in any conversation, and even more so in written speech, where the tautology is even more visible, because pronouns serve as a substitute for other nominal parts of speech - a noun, an adjective, a numeral.
According to statistics, 30% of our spoken and 20% of written speech consists only of pronouns, and in the most detailed grammar directories of the Russian language, pronouns account for 20 categories. However, in the table, for ease of understanding, only the main classes of Russian pronouns are presented, as well as examples for each of them.
The main classes of pronouns in Russian| No. | Pronoun class | Examples |
| 1 | Personal | me, you, we |
| 2 | Returnable | myself |
| 3 | Possessive | mine yours them their |
| 4 | Undefined | somewhere, somebody, anything |
| 5 | Negative | nowhere nobody ever |
| 6 | Interrogative | where when what |
| 7 | With the value "not this" | another, otherwise |
| 8 | Pointing | this, that, such, so |
| 9 | Amplifying | myself, the most |
| 10 | Universality | all, everything, everywhere |
| eleven | Reciprocal | one to another, to each other |
The pronouns in the Russian and German languages almost completely coincide, more often confusion arises with their gender, because German and Russian nouns denoting the same subject sometimes have a completely different gender. Therefore, there is no need to explain again what a pronoun in German is. It is better to pay attention to the declension of pronouns. In German, each class has its own characteristics, as, however, in Russian, we just don’t think about it.
Personal pronouns| Case | I | you | he | it | she | we | you | they are | You |
| Nominativ | ich | du | er | es | sie | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
| Genetiv | meiner | deiner | seiner | seiner | ihrer | unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer |
| Dativ | mir | dir | ihm | ihm | ihr | unser | euch | ihnen | Ihnen |
| Akusativ | mich | dich | ihn | es | sie | wir | euch | sie | Sie |
As can be seen from the table, the endings in the cases of personal pronouns in German and in Russian almost completely coincide. At the same time, their declension resembles a certain article, and as for the genitive case that is difficult to remember, it is practically not used. Derived from
personal pronouns are possessive pronouns. In German, everything here is even more logical than in Russian: their endings are similar to the declension of a certain article, and in the plural -
an indefinite article.Possessive pronouns| Case | Masculinum | Femininum | Neutrum | Plural |
| Nominativ | mein mund | dein e nase | sein körper | unser e Auge |
| Genetiv | mein es mund es | dein er nase | sein es Körper s | unser er auge |
| Dativ | mein em mund | dein er nase | sein em Körper | unser en Auge n |
| Akusativ | mein en Mund | dein e nase | sein körper | unser e Auge |
Now that we have learned what a pronoun is and how they vary by case and gender, and also learned this information, the topic of declension will definitely go a lot easier, and over time we will have no problems with the use of endings in oral speech and in writing.