Grammar is part of the science of language. This part is quite important because it studies the grammar of the basis for constructing sentences, the patterns of formation of various phrases and phrases, bringing these patterns into a single system of rules.
How the science of language came about
One of the first terms that can be attributed to the initial manifestations of linguistic science appeared back in time of the Greeks by Aristotle, the founder of the Alexandrian linguistic school. Among the Romans, the founder was Varron, who lived between 116 and 27 BC. It was these people who were the first to describe some linguistic terms, such as the names of parts of speech, for example.
Many modern norms of the science of language were conceived in the Indian linguistic school in the first millennium BC, as evidenced by the works of Panini. Learning languages acquired a freer form in the first millennium of the Christian era. How and what grammar is studying at this time, it becomes clear from the works of classics, on which it is based.
Grammar becomes not only descriptive, but also normative. The basis of the foundations was considered to be the Latin language, which was elevated to the rank of an eternal form, the most closely related and reflective structure of thought. Those who studied the grammatical system in the 12th century considered it natural that this should be done best in Latin textbooks. And there were no others. Then the standard and the obligatory program were considered the works of Donatus and Priscian. Later, in addition to them, treatises of Alexander from Wildier Doctrinales and Grecismus Eberhard of Bethune appeared.
Grammar of the Renaissance and Enlightenment
It is unlikely that anyone will be surprised that the norms of the Latin language penetrated many European languages. Such a confusion can be observed especially in the speeches of priests and in church treatises written in the late 16th century. They are especially traced in many Latin grammatical categories. Later in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the approach to the study of grammar changed somewhat. Now it has acquired a logical and philosophical character, which has led to greater universalization and standardization in relation to other language groups.
It was only at the beginning of the 19th century that the first attempts to classify grammar rules in other languages differentially from the Latin basis appeared. H. Steintal played a large role in this, and his work was continued by the so-called young grammars — young scholars who sought to isolate linguistic norms from Latin concepts.
An even greater differentiation of individual languages occurred at the very beginning of the twentieth century. It was at this time that the idea of the so-called emancipation of various European languages and separation from the traditions of the Greek-Latin school gained popularity. In Russian grammar, F.F. Fortunatov. However, let's move on to the present and see what the grammar of the Russian language is studying today.
Classification of Russian grammar in parts of speech
In Russian, the division of words into parts of speech is accepted. This norm of division according to morphological and syntactic features is adopted in most other languages, which are isolated from the Latin basis. However, the number of parts of speech may not match.
Common to almost all languages of the world are considered a name (noun or other) and a verb. The latter can also be divided into an independent and service form, which is almost universal for all languages. The grammar dictionary classifies the following parts of speech in Russian: noun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, union and interjection. Each of these categories has its own definition and purpose. We will not give here a description and grammatical categories of the noun and other parts of speech, this is described in detail in many textbooks on the grammar of the Russian language.
Ways to use verbs
All verbs in the Russian language can be used in three versions: as an infinitive, participle or gerund. All three forms are widely distributed in other languages and often have a similar use. For example, the entry of an infinitive (an indefinite form of a verb) into a verb predicate of the type “likes to draw” and others can be found in English, Italian, and most other European languages. Similar use of the sacrament and gerund is also widespread, although there are significant differences.
Member Classification
Such a classification provides for five separate categories, which can occur in one sentence all together or separately. Often a whole phrase may be one of the members of a sentence. So, if you need to make a proposal with the phrase "wide as a field", then it will act as a single application. The same is true for other parts of speech.
Which members of the sentence classifies the grammar dictionary of the Russian language?
- The subject, which refers to the main members of the sentence, denotes the subject or person and is determined by the predicate.
- The predicate also applies to the main members of the sentence, denotes an action or condition and is directly related to the subject.
- Addition is a minor member and denotes an object of action of the subject.
- The circumstance denotes a sign of action, depends on the predicate and is also of secondary importance.
- The application indicates the quality of the subject (subject or supplement) and also secondary.
Back to the noun
In the Russian language there are grammatical categories of the noun, which cannot be ignored. So, the declension of the noun in cases is important. Despite the fact that cases themselves exist in many languages, it is rare in which case declension is carried out using endings, as in Russian. Our grammar distinguishes 6 cases of the noun: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.
The doctrine of the parts of speech is at the center of science
Parts of speech are what modern grammar studies, or at least places central importance on this section. Much attention is also paid to their grammatical categories and combinations, general rules and structure of individual speech elements. The latter is studied by a section of grammar called syntax.
Apart from grammar, there are such sciences as lexicology, semantics, and phonetics, although they are closely related and in some interpretations are presented as structural units of grammatical science. Grammar also includes such disciplines as the science of intonation, semantics, morphology, derivatology, which are on the edge of the boundary between the grammar itself and the previously mentioned disciplines. In addition, grammar as a science is closely connected with a number of other disciplines that are less known to a wide range of people.
Related sciences
Grammar, by virtue of its features, has many facets of contact with such disciplines as:
- lexicology due to the detailed study of the grammatical properties of individual parts of speech;
- spelling and phonetics, since these sections pay a lot of attention to the pronunciation of words;
- spelling that studies spelling;
- stylistics that describes the rules for using various grammatical forms.
Separation of grammar by other characteristics
We wrote earlier that grammar is historical and synchronous, but there are other forms of separation. So, distinguish between formal and functional grammar. The first, superficial, works on the grammatical means of language expressions. The second or deep is at the intersection of grammar and grammatical semantics. There are also structures that study parts of speech that are present in many other languages or only in Russian. On this basis, the grammar is divided into universal and private.
Distinguish also historical and synchronous grammar. The first deals with the study of language, comparing various historical milestones of its development, focusing on changes over time in grammatical constructions and forms. Synchronous grammar, which is also called descriptive, pays more attention to language learning at the current stage of development. Both branches of science study the grammatical structure of language in a historical or synchronous paradigm. The origins of such a division and, in general, the science of grammar go back to the most ancient times of the prehistoric era.
The science of grammar is a complex of interrelated disciplines that are focused on creating universal language rules. This helps to avoid discrepancies in the formation of various speech structures, for example, when you need to make a sentence with a phrase consisting of several parts of speech, and in many other cases.