Every schoolchild knows what an adjective is . However, not everyone knows the spelling rules of this part of the speech, as well as what groups it is divided into, etc.
general information
The name adjective is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, an old chair ), events ( an incredible incident ), states ( strong feeling ) and other phenomena of the world (a difficult childhood ). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother's bag, fox hole ).
Main types
Depending on how it is indicated and what attribute the adjective has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- high quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relation to another attribute, action or object.
Examples include a bookcase, tangerine juice, fun for children, destructive power, Brazil nut, double punch, religious beliefs, etc.
Quality adjectives
Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates the signs of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (evil), rating (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.) .
- It forms such degrees of comparison as excellent ( strongest, thinnest, most important, most important ) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc. ).
- They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful , etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of such a group answer the question “whose?”, And also indicate the affiliation of something to an animal ( rabbit hole, cow’s milk) or person ( father’s wallet, Petina’s machine ). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using such suffixes as -nin, -in, -ii, -ev, -ova.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.
Short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative, and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:
Moreover, the former are formed by a peculiar contraction of the latter. To understand what features brief adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their education and spelling. Indeed, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.
Endings
Adjectives in short form in the singular have the following generic endings:
- Feminine gender - ending. Here are some examples: nova, huda, strong, skinny, etc.
- The masculine gender is zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, skinny, new, handsome, etc.
- The middle gender is the ending –o or –e ( beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc. ).
In the plural, any gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form are absent. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -y ( strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc. ).
Short form features
As you can see, this part of speech can be inclined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change in cases. In a sentence, such members usually act as predicates.
Here is the perimeter: She is very smart. In this case, the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word “poor” does not have a short adjective if it means “miserable, miserable.” In addition, some adjectives also may not be in full form. To such words can be attributed , I am glad, love and much.
What is the difference from the full ones?
Only high-quality adjectives have a short form . Their difference from the complete ones is the determination of morphological characters. That is, as was said above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but tends only in number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full adjectives in their syntactic role. So, in the sentence they do not act as a definition, but in the form of a predicate or its component. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological turnovers or in works of folk art (for example, bare foot, in broad daylight, red maiden, good fellow, etc. ).
Spelling Short Adjectives
In order to correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules for their spelling.
- Is a soft sign written at the end of a short adjective? This question excites many. After all, often we have to use this part of speech when writing any text. In this regard, it should be noted that short hissing adjectives (at the end of the word) are written without a soft sign. We give an example: odorous, hot, dense, prickly, similar, good, powerful, etc.
- How many letters "n" in short adjectives? Remembering this rule is pretty easy. The letters "n" in short adjectives are stored in the same amount as in full form. Here is an example: the road is long (long), facial expressions are artificial (artificial), the dawn is rosy (blush), etc.
- How do you spell “not” with short adjectives? Remembering this rule is very easy and simple. But for this you should know how to write the particle "not" with full adjectives. Indeed, for a short form, these rules are fully preserved. In other words, “not” with the short name of the adjective should be written exactly the same as with the full. Let us give an example: the road is not easy (that is, difficult, difficult) - the road is not easy (that is, difficult, difficult) . In this case, “not” should be written together. However, such a particle with short adjectives must be written separately if the full form is not usable. Here is an example: not ready, not ready, not ready, not ready .
- In short adjectives after sizzling, the letter “o” is written only if it is under stress. For example: the food is hot, the man is ridiculous .
The formation of short adjectives
Short forms of adjectives are formed from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:
- zero or male;
- average (s or –o);
- female (s or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending s or s) or singular. So how are such forms formed? These rules are very simple:
- If the base of a full adjective ends in a consonant letter preceded by a vowel (for example, wide ), then the base of the short form remains the same, that is, does not change (wide ).
- If the base of the full adjective ends in a consonant letter, which is preceded by a similar one, then with the formation of a short form (only masculine), a fluent vowel e or o appears between them. Here is an example: sultry - sultry, sinful - sinful, calm - calm, sharp - sharp, violent - buoy, awkward - awkward, straightforward - straightforward, funny - ridiculous . However, all rules have their exceptions. So, the adjective “worthy” has a short form - “worthy”, where a fluent vowel also appears. This is due to the fact that this word is formed from the noun “dignity”. But “honored” - from the sacrament “honored”.
Correlation of full and short adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, 3 types of relations of short and full adjectives are distinguished:
1. Coinciding in the lexical meaning (for example, a good day and a good day, a beautiful baby and a beautiful baby ).
2. Match only in individual values:
- "Fake" in the meaning of "fake." In this case, the short form does not exist.
- "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere." In this case, the short form will be "false."
- "Poor" in the meaning of "miserable." In this case, the short form does not exist.
- “Poor,” meaning “have-nots.” In this case, the short form will be “poor”.
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full in its meaning:
- the short form indicates a temporary sign, and the full one is permanent (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick );
- the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of the sign (for example, an old grandmother or an old grandmother) ;
- the full form indicates an irrelevant attribute, and the short one indicates the relation to something (for example, the dress is narrow and the dress is narrow ).
- in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so different that they are used and perceived as completely different words (for example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear ).