Over the entire history of the development of management , a huge amount of versatile and extensive information has been accumulated on the practice and theory of management in all spheres of human activity. This article will discuss what modern management is, as well as theories and models of governance that dominate the global economy.
The very concept of “management” can be viewed from different angles, so there are several definitions. This is primarily a management process. In addition, management is a discipline that studies enterprise management and summarizes the experience and research results.
Modern management has a number of tasks, both tactical (maintaining the functioning of the enterprise) and strategic (developing the organization and moving it to a new level). There are several types of management: production, supply and marketing, innovation, financial, marketing management, personnel management and others.
Modern management theories are represented by the western and eastern directions. The first is the basis of economic management in the United States and Western Europe, and the second is in China and Southeast Asia.
Among the characteristic features of the western management model are individual responsibility, lack of employee attachment to work, self-affirmation of managers at the enterprise, independent decision of one leader, incompatibility of business and personal relations. In addition, this management style does not accept investment funds and banks as an investor. Within Western theory, separate styles and models of management are distinguished.
For example, modern management in England is notable for its increased attention to production costs, the development of high technology products, the rapid modernization of new technological processes, and the relatively low cost of labor.
The German model is characterized by foresight and high discipline, and the innovations in the modernization of the production process are longer. The organization is managed by the supervisory board and the board, between which functions and positions are divided. In comparative studies, such features of this model as stimulating professional training, respect for competence, technical preparedness of employees, a wide range of authority and responsibility, the effectiveness of labor relations, and employee loyalty become visible.
Modern management of the American model is used not only in the USA, but also in New Zealand, Australia, Canada and other countries. It is known that it was in the States that the science of management was formed. American management has such features:
- the actions of businessmen are straightforward;
- Managers often resort to pressure and orders;
- they do not make derogations, but proceed immediately to the essence of the issue;
- The main goal is a comprehensive agreement.
American management is focused on the development of corporations that use strategic board in their activities. It is based on a situational and system analysis of the external and internal environment.
Management in Japan is distinguished by the fact that contacts between firms are based on friendly and family relations between managers. The level of education of all staff is quite high, in addition, there is a continuous training. Partners trust each other and are confident in success. It is interesting that all employees in Japan do morning exercises right at work, they wear uniforms and cultivate loyalty to the company. For success in work, they receive an award. Lifelong employment is practiced, and the retirement benefit is provided to all members of the employee's family after his retirement.
Thus, the management of a company or organization in different countries is determined by a number of factors, including both legislation and the existing structure in a particular country. There is no general theory of management, and therefore at the present stage there are several theories, styles and models of management with their own characteristics and features