Onomatopoeic words and interjections play a special role in the Russian language. Without them, we could hardly express our feelings. We will study the morphological properties of these parts of speech, their categories, grammatical features, and also their other functions in more detail in this article.
Interjection
This part of speech, according to the school curriculum, is studied in the sixth or seventh grade. Although they stack with her much more often. Even in childhood, when the child does not know how to talk, they are his first sounds. Interjections in our language are called a special group of speech, which helps to express emotions and feelings. Linguists attribute them to a special category. From the point of view of morphology, they are part of speech. However, they stand apart from independent and official words. In terms of functionality, they do not carry any semantic load. That is, these words have no meanings, only indirect ones. Then they cannot be called independent.
As for the official ones, which help to unite the words in the sentence and text, they also did not pass on interjections of their functions. These words do not “serve” anyone and do not mean anything. What is it then? These are the most common emotions when we do not have enough words to express them in a more formalized way. Say, “Ah!” And everyone will understand that something surprised us. We hear: “Shh!”, And immediately shut up, because this word means the termination of conversations or any actions. Sentences with interjections are more emotional and convey much deeper what words cannot always say.
Compare: “Oh, it hurts!” and "It hurts me." Both of these sentences convey the same meaning. However, the first conveys a momentary sensation of a person, the second can also mean a prolonged feeling of pain. It will be enough just to gasp, and those who are nearby will understand us.
Origin
The terms “Onomatopoeic words” and “Interjection” appeared a long time ago, at the beginning of the seventeenth century. The linguist Smotrytsky introduced them into everyday life in 1619. Then he referred to them as "inter-site", that is, what was said between the words. In fact, they are.
Some were formed, as they say, spontaneously, from our cries. For example, such as "A", "O", "Fu", "Ah", do not have a special history of origin. This is our involuntary reaction to any stimulus.
The well-known word “Bai-bai” takes its roots from the old Russian word to say (to buy). Thus, laying the baby, the parents seem to be sentencing him to fall asleep.
The familiar word "hello", which we pronounce when answering the call, came to us from England. Its direct meaning is hello, which translates as "Hello." Lift the phone, we let you know that we hear the interlocutor, while greeting him.
Modern slang every year creates ever new onomatopoeic words and interjections. There are forms of "Oops", "Cool", "Blah blah." All of them are related to our usual “Ah,” “Wow,” “Yes, yes.”
That is, over time, some interjections disappear, and others that are more relevant today are replaced.
Word formation
Like any part of speech, interjections have their own special ways of education. The following are distinguished:
- Using affixes. From the word “A” a more affectionate “Ainki” is formed.
- Transition from one ch. to another: “Fathers! "(From them.)," Stunned! " (from the verb), "Cool!" (from the adverb).
- Conjugation: “Here it is for you,” “And don’t speak.”
- Addition: "Kiss-kis".
The variety of word formation methods proves that this part of speech is not as simple as it seems at first glance.
Structure
Several types of interjections are classified depending on how many parts they consist of. The first group is simple. In their structure there is only one word and one root. Examples: “Oh,” “Alas,” “Eh.”
The next type is called complex. They got this name due to the fact that they consist of several roots. For example: “ah-ah-ah”, “yes-yes-yes”, “father-lights”, “wow.”
The last group in structure are compound interjections. They are formed from a few simple words: "alas and ah," "here you are." As a rule, this group comes from nouns to which interjections are added.
Kinds
It is customary to subdivide them into several types.
- Incentive. Replacing full-meaning words, they signal that it is time to act: “Come on faster!”, “Hey, tell me how to get here!”, “Shh, speak quieter - the child is sleeping.”
- Emotional. Such words involuntarily break out in a person when he is surprised or frightened: “Ah, how sweet it is!” “Oh, what a great thunderstorm!”
- Label. Not everyone knows that the words “Hello,” “Goodbye,” “Thank you,” familiar to us, refer to the class of interjections. They do not have independent significance, conveying only our polite intonation. For example: "Please let me go for a walk. Thank you very much for your help! Hello friends!"
Without the words of this group, it is unlikely that a well-mannered person can imagine his life. They help not only to decorate our speech, but also give it a certain charm.
Punctuation
How does this part of speech isolate itself in writing? Interjection sentences tend to have commas.
For example: “Oh, how fast the vacation flew by!” A comma is placed after the emotional word, because it is at the beginning of the sentence. Similar examples: "Wow, how many of you are here!", "Fu, how ugly of you."
A special place is taken by the interjection "o". Used together with other words, it is not separated by commas: “Oh air, how clean you are!”, “Oh no, I have to refuse you in this matter.”
In the sentence "Well, how do you decide and call ?!" the word "well" is not isolated, because it has the meaning of amplification. In the case when it indicates the duration of the action, it must be highlighted with a comma: "Well, I don’t know how long this will last."
The interjection “what”, which is used as the highest degree of something, does not stand apart: “What a wonderful evening!”, “What a slut you are!”
Onomatopoeic words and their difference from interjections
A special category is represented by words that mimic any sounds. They, unlike interjections, do not carry any emotionality in themselves. Their main function is to transmit a similar sound. For example, the ticking of a clock is conveyed in a letter by the word “Tick-tak”. When we hear a bug flying by, we will reproduce its flight as “Zhzhzh”. And there are many such examples.
In addition, this part of the speech is actively involved in the formation of various words: woof - to bark, oink - grunt, hee-hee - giggle.
The most important difference between them and interjections is a different role in the language. At first glance, they are very similar. However, it is not worth confusing, since onomatopoeic words do not convey the feelings and emotions of a person. They only repeat the sound.
Discharges
Onomatopoeic words in the Russian language are divided into several subspecies:
- The voices of animals (including birds): crow (cock), meow (kitten), y-o (owl), wee-pee (mouse).
- Natural sounds: bang-bang (thunder), boom (something fell), pshsh (hissing water).
- Imitation of musical instruments: ding-dong (the bell rings), friction (playing the guitar).
- Sounds made by people: chrome (there is a carrot), top-top (someone goes), tsok (in heels).
These are the most common categories of this part of speech. Onomatopoeic words and interjections constitute a special group in the Russian language, not referring to either independent or official.
Syntactic role
It is very curious that in rare cases, such small phrases can be different members of a sentence. Interjections and onomatopoeic words, examples of which were repeatedly given by us above, are:
- By definitions. For example: "Ah yes a holiday!" In this case, the interjection “Ay yes” answers the question “Which?”, Replacing the word “Wonderful”.
- Addition: And suddenly in the distance we heard a quiet "Au!"
- Predictable: And the door suddenly - “Slam!”
- Subject: And then there was a loud “Hurray.”
The role of interjections and onomatopoeic words in speech
Without these seemingly simple words, our language would be very impoverished. Indeed, most of them are formed impulsively, regardless of our desire. Call for help, cry out in fear, be surprised at the act - all these are interjections, onomatopoeic words. Punctuation marks at first we examined earlier. But the sounds made by someone or something do not stand out in any way on the letter. If necessary, quotation marks are only put in sentences where there is direct speech.
Speech using this category becomes much more emotional. It is hard to restrain joy when something happened that we have been waiting for a long time. For example: “Wow! Finally, it happened! ” Or in a difficult moment, when a person involuntarily sighs: "Eh, nothing good came out."
But how do you convey the sounds that animals make? Only with the help of special words. Without them, it is almost impossible to do. Such words try to convey similar sounds, such as the lowing of a cow or the grunt of a pig.
Exercises
In order to consolidate the material, the guys perform special tasks, repeating onomatopoeic words. Exercises on them and on interjections are usually simple.
- For example, it is necessary to determine the rank of a certain group: “Ah!”, “Oh!”, “Father!” By all accounts, these are emotional interjections, simple in structure.
- Find onomatopoeic words in sentences.
“Slap-slap” was heard outside the window. "Chick-chirp" - so sparrows attract attention. Approaching the platform, the train sang: "Tu-tu."
- Determine what sounds can be made by a violin, a dog, raindrops, thunder, a yawning person, falling on the floor of an object, trembling from the cold.
- Distinguish interjections or imitative words used in sentences:
- Hello, my comrades.
- "Bang!" - was heard in silence.
- Come on, hurry up already!
- “Chick-chick!” So we tried to suspect little birds.
- Father's lights! What a “bang” thunder told us!
Exercise on sentences with onomatopoeic words, as well as interjections, can be very diverse. But for the most part, they usually do not cause any difficulty among students.
Morphological analysis
Like any part of speech, these two small subgroups have their own parsing algorithm. Moreover, it is absolutely identical.
- We determine the part of speech.
- We denote morphological indicators:
- Structure
- discharge by value
- immutability
- The role in the proposal.
We give an example of analysis. “Here you go! They didn’t wait for rain, but he poured it like that! ”
- So much for the interjection.
- Compound in structure (a few words).
- Emotional, conveys surprise.
- Immutable (can neither bow nor conjugate)
- It does not play any syntactic role in the sentence, since it does not replace the independent part of speech.
The following example: And here - “Whack-Whack!” - the ball flew past us.
- Onomatopoeic word (conveys the flight of the ball).
- Complex, consists of two repeating fundamentals.
- Discharge is the sound of inanimate nature.
- Immutability.
- The proposal will be a circumstance (answers the question “how”).
Another example: What an inattentive you are!
- Interjection
- Simple, in one word.
- Emotional, conveys indignation.
- Immutability.
- Circumstances (replaces the words "very" or "very").
Conclusion
The spelling of onomatopoeic words and such interjections similar to them usually does not cause difficulties. All of them convey emotions or sounds exactly as we hear them. It must be remembered that repeating basics, such as woof-woof, will always be written with a hyphen.
The spontaneity in their education makes them an integral part of our lives. Kids who do not know how to talk, shout to their mothers only certain sounds. Parents are guided by what their child wants. As adults, we continue to use these parts of speech. No one can force us to refuse to express our own emotions. And the sounds of nature? We can do it for everyone, but writing on paper is not always easy. For this, there are onomatopoeic words. They easily repeat what we hear only in writing.
We simply cannot do without such seemingly insignificant parts of speech. Encountering them daily in spoken language, we have to use them in writing in some.
Do not confuse them with the service parts of speech, for example, with particles. Sometimes they are very similar to each other. One immutable rule is worth mentioning: these words convey emotions, feelings and sounds. No other speech groups can do this. As they say, each has its own necessary role.