Pronoun: examples. Possessive pronoun is an example. Demonstrative Pronouns - Examples

A pronoun is a special class of significant words that indicate an item without naming it. To avoid tautology in speech, the speaker can use a pronoun. Examples: I, yours, who, this, everyone, the most, all, myself, my, other, another, that, any way, someone, something, etc.

As can be seen from the examples, pronouns are most often used instead of a noun, and also instead of an adjective, numeral or adverb.

For pronouns, the division into categories by value is characteristic. This part of the speech is focused on names. In other words, pronouns replace nouns, adjectives, numerals. However, the peculiarity of pronouns is that, replacing names, they do not acquire their meaning. According to established tradition, only mutable words belong to pronouns. All immutable words are considered as pronoun adverbs.

In this article, the categories of pronouns by meaning and grammatical features will be presented, as well as examples of sentences in which certain pronouns are used.

Rank table of pronouns

According to grammatical signs, pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. Pronouns
2. Pronoun adjectives.
3. Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Words pointing to persons and objects that are participants in a speech act are called "personal pronouns." Examples: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they. I, you, we, you designate participants in speech communication. The pronouns he, she, they do not participate in the speech act, they are reported to the speakers as non-participants in the act of speech.

• I know what you want to tell me. (Participant of a speech act, object.)
• You have to read all the fiction from the list. (The subject to which the action is directed.)
• We had a wonderful vacation this year! (Participants of a speech act, subjects.)
• You played your part perfectly! (Destination, object to which the appeal is directed in the speech act.)
• He prefers a quiet pastime. (Nonparticipant in a speech act.)
• Will she definitely go to America this summer? (Nonparticipant in a speech act.)
• For the first time in their life, they jumped with a parachute and were very pleased. (Nonparticipant in a speech act.)

Attention! His pronouns, her, and them, depending on the context, can be used both in the possessive category and in the category of personal pronouns.

Compare:

• He was not at school today in either the first or last lesson. - His school performance depends on how often he will attend classes. (In the first sentence, it is a personal pronoun in the genitive case; in the second sentence, it is a possessive pronoun.)
• I asked her to keep this conversation between us. - She ran, her hair developed in the wind, and the silhouette was lost and lost every second, moving away and dissolving in the light of day.
• They should always be asked to make music quieter. - Their dog very often howls at night, as if yearning for some of its unbearable grief.

Reflexive pronoun

The pronoun of self refers to this category - it indicates the face of the object or addressee, which are identified with the actor. This function is performed by reflexive pronouns. Examples of offers:

• I always considered myself the happiest in the whole world.
• She constantly admires herself.
• He does not like to make mistakes and trusts only himself.

May I keep this kitten at my place?

Possessive pronouns

The word indicating the belonging of a person or object to another person or object is called "possessive pronoun". Example: mine, yours, ours, yours, yours. Possessive pronouns indicate belonging to the speaking person, interlocutor or nonparticipant in the act of speech.

• My decision is always the most correct.
• Your wishes will be fulfilled.
• Our dog behaves very aggressively towards passers-by.
• Your choice will be yours.
• I finally got my present!
• Keep your thoughts to yourself.
• My city ​​misses me, and I feel like I miss it.

Words such as her, him, them can act as a personal pronoun in the accusative case or as possessive pronoun. Examples of offers:

• Their car is at the entrance. - They have not been in the city for 20 years.
• His bag lies on a chair. - He was asked to bring tea.
• Her house is located in the city center. “She was made the queen of the evening.”

The belonging of a person (subject) to a group of objects also indicates a possessive pronoun. Example:

• Our joint trips will be remembered by me for a long time!

Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrator is the second name that bears a demonstrative pronoun. Examples: this, that, such, so much. These words distinguish one or another object (person) from a number of other objects similar to it, persons or signs. Such a function is performed by a demonstrative pronoun. Examples:

• This novel is much more interesting and informative than all that I read before. ( This pronoun distinguishes one object from a number of similar ones, indicates the peculiarity of this object.)

This pronoun also performs this function.

• This sea, these mountains, this sun will forever remain in my memory the brightest memory.

However, one should be careful in determining the part of speech and not confuse the demonstrative pronoun with the particle!

Compare examples of demonstrative pronouns:

• It was great! - Did you play the role of a fox in a school play? (In the first case, this is a pronoun and fulfills the syntactic role of the predicate. In the second case, it is a particle and does not have a syntactic role in the sentence.)
• That house is much older and prettier than this. (He pronounces the object, points to it.)
• Neither one nor the other option suited him. ( Such a pronoun helps to focus on one of many subjects.)
• So many times he stepped on the same rake, and again he repeats everything again. (The pronoun emphasizes the frequency of action so much .)

Definitive pronouns

Examples of pronouns: himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other . This category is divided into sub-categories, each of which includes the following pronouns:

1. Himself, the most - pronouns that have an excretory function. They elevate the object in question, individualize it.

• The director himself - Alexander Yaroslavovich - was present at the party.
• He was offered the highest paid and prestigious job in our city.
• The greatest happiness in life is to love and be loved.
• Her Majesty herself condescended to praise of me.

2. All - a pronoun that has the meaning of the breadth of the characteristics of a person, object or attribute.

• The whole city ​​came to watch his performance.
• The whole road passed in remorse and a desire to return home.
• The whole sky was covered with clouds, and not a single gap was visible.

3. Everyone, everyone, any - pronouns denoting freedom of choice from several objects, persons or signs (provided that they exist at all).

• Semen Semenovich Laptev - master of his craft - everyone will tell you this.
• Any person is able to achieve what he wants, the main thing is to make efforts and not be lazy.
• Each blade of grass, each petal breathed life, and this desire for happiness was transmitted to me more and more.
• Every word he said turned against him, but he did not seek to fix it.

4. Another, another - pronouns that have the meaning of non-identity with what was said earlier.

• I chose a different path that was more accessible to me.
• Imagine another in my place would do the same?
• Sometimes he will come home, silently, eat and go to bed, today everything was different ...
• The coin has two sides - I did not notice the other.

Interrogative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, what, who, whose, how much, what.

Interrogative pronouns contain the question of persons, objects or phenomena, quantities. At the end of a sentence containing an interrogative pronoun, a question mark is usually placed.

• Who was the man who came to us this morning?
• What will you do when the summer exams end?
• What should be the portrait of the ideal person, and how do you imagine him?
• Which of these three people could know what really happened?
• Whose portfolio is this?
• How much is the red dress in which you came to school yesterday?
• What is your favorite time of year?
• Whose child did I see yesterday in the yard?
• Do you think I need to enter the faculty of international relations?

Relative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, how, what, which, whose, how much, what .

Attention! These pronouns can play both relative and interrogative pronouns, depending on whether they are used in a particular context. A compound sentence (SPP) uses only a relative pronoun. Examples:

• How do you make a cherry-based sponge cake? - She told me how she cooks a cherry pie.

In the first case, as a pronoun, has an interrogative function, that is, the subject concludes the question of a certain subject and the method of its receipt. In the second case, the pronoun is used as a relative pronoun and acts as a connecting word between the first and second simple sentences.

• Who knows what sea ​​the Volga River flows into? - He did not know who this man was to him, and what could be expected from him.
• What needs to be done in order to get a good job? - He knew what to do in order to get a well-paid job.

What - the pronoun - is used both as a relative and as an interrogative pronoun, depending on the context.

• What will we do tonight? - You said that today we have to visit grandmother.

To accurately determine the category of pronouns, choosing between relative and interrogative, you need to remember that the interrogative pronoun in a sentence can be replaced by a verb, a noun, a numeral, depending on the context. Relative pronouns cannot be replaced.

• What do you want for dinner today? “I would like Vermicelli for dinner.”
• What color do you like? - Do you like the purple color?
• Whose house is this? - Is this mom’s house?
• Which account do you have in line? “Are you the eleventh in line?”
• How many sweets do you have? - Do you have six sweets?

A similar situation with the pronoun than. Compare examples of relative pronouns:

• What to do on the weekend? - He completely forgot what I wanted to do it on the weekend. (As we can see, in the second variant the pronoun is included in the category of relative and performs a connecting function between the two parts of a complex sentence.)
• How did you get to my house yesterday? - Anna Sergeyevna looked inquiringly at the boy and did not understand how he got into her house.
• How does it feel to be in trouble? “I know for myself what it is like to realize that your plans are crumbling rapidly and irrevocably.”
• Once again I ask you not to do this again? - She has already lost the count, which once her son brought to tears his class teacher.
• Whose car is parked at the gate of my house? - He was at a loss, so he could not figure out whose idea it was to provoke a fight.
• How much does this Persian kitten cost? - He was informed how much the ginger Persian kitten costs.
• Who knows in what year the battle of Borodino took place? - Three students raised their hands: they knew in what year the battle of Borodino took place.

Some scholars suggest combining relative and interrogative pronouns in one category and call them "interrogative-relative pronouns." Examples:

• Who is there? - He did not see who was here.

However, at present, it has not yet been possible to reach a common agreement, and the ranks of interrogative and relative pronouns continue to exist separately from each other.

Negative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: nobody, nothing, no, nobody, nobody, nothing. Negative pronouns matter the absence of persons, objects, as well as to denote their negative characteristics.

• No one knew what to expect from him.
• Nothing interested him so much that he could devote his whole life to this business.
• No debt and no money could keep him from escaping.
• A lonely dog ​​ran along the road, and it seemed that she never had a master, home and tasty food in the morning; she was a draw .
• He tried to find excuses for himself, but it turned out that everything happened on his own initiative, and there was no one to blame for this.
• He had absolutely nothing to do, so he slowly walked in the rain past the glowing shop windows and watched the oncoming cars passing by.

Indefinite pronouns

From interrogative or relative pronouns an indefinite pronoun is formed. Examples: someone, something, some, some, several, some, someone, someone, someone, something, some, some. Indefinite pronouns contain the meaning of an unknown, indefinite person or object. Also, indefinite pronouns have the meaning of intentionally hidden information that the speaker does not specifically want to communicate.

Such properties have an indefinite pronoun. Examples for comparison:

• A voice sounded in the dark, and I did not quite understand to whom it belonged: to a man or to a beast. (The speaker has no information.) - This letter was from a friend of mine who had been absent from our city for a long time and was now about to come. (Intentionally hidden information from listeners.)
• Something incredible happened that night: the wind tore and the foliage from the trees, lightning sparkled and pierced the sky through. (Instead of something, you can substitute similar indefinite pronouns in meaning: something, something. )
• Some of my friends consider me a strange and wonderful person: I do not seek to make a lot of money and live in a small old house on the edge of the village . ( Some pronouns can be replaced by the following pronouns: some, some. )
• Several pairs of shoes, a backpack and a tent were already packed and waited for us to pack up and leave far, far from the city. (The subject does not specify the number of objects, summarizes their number.)
• Someone informed me that you received the letter, but do not want to admit in this. (The speaker specifically hides all information about the person.)
• If anyone saw this person, please report it to the police!
• Does anyone know what Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky were talking about at the ball?
• When you see something interesting, do not forget to write down your observations in a notebook.
• Some moments in learning English remained incomprehensible to me, then I returned to the last lesson and tried to pass it again. (Intentional concealment of information by the speaker.)
• Some money still remained in my wallet, but I did not remember how much. (Lack of information on the subject’s subject.)

Grammatical categories of pronouns

Grammatically pronouns are divided into three categories:

1. The pronoun noun.
2. The pronoun adjective.
3. The pronoun.

To the pronoun nouns are such categories of pronouns as: personal, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinite. All these categories in their grammatical properties are likened to nouns. However, pronouns have certain characteristics that the pronoun does not have. Examples:

• I have come to you . (In this case, it is the masculine gender, which we determined by the past tense verb with zero ending). “You came to me.” (The gender is determined by the end of the verb "come" - the feminine gender, the past tense.)

As you can see from the example, some pronouns lack the category of gender. In this case, the genus can be restored logically, based on the situation.

Other pronouns of the listed categories have the category of gender, but it does not reflect the real relations of persons and objects. For example, a pronoun who is always combined with a verb in the masculine past tense.

• Which of the women first visited space?
• Ready or not, here I come.
• She knew who would be the next contender for her hand and heart.

The pronoun that uses with the nouns of the middle gender past tense.

• What allowed you to commit this act?
• He did not suspect that somewhere similar to his story might have happened.

It has a generic form, but the gender acts here as a classification form, and not as a nominative one.

Adjective pronouns include indicative, definitive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite pronouns. All of them answer the question what? and likened by an adjective in its properties. They have dependent forms of number and case.

• This tiger cub is the most frisky in the zoo.

The pronouns include the pronouns as much as several. They are likened to numerals by their meaning in combination with nouns.

• How many books have you read this summer?
• So many opportunities now I had!
• Grandmother left some hot cakes for me.

Attention! However, in combination with the verbs of the pronoun, how many, many, several are used as adverbs.

• How much is this orange blouse?
• You can spend so much only on vacation.
• I thought a little about how to live and what to do next.