Mostovaya is a street, a road with a certain type of coverage for the carriageway and pedestrian part. In Russian, the word "pavement" can denote the type of street and be included in the name. For example, Mostovaya street in Yekaterinburg. Bridge roads and streets are an integral indicator of early civilizations. They are found during excavations of ancient cities. They have not lost relevance and in our time, however, the technology of their construction has changed.
What is a pavement?
First of all, the pavement is a street that has pavement, that is, paved. In previous years, not all streets had such "clothes", so this word emphasized the distinguishing feature, which later sometimes served as its name. In Russian, wooden floors were called a platform. Since the coverings of roads and streets in Russia until the 18th century were made of wood, the streets were first called platforms, and then - pavements.
History
Bridge streets appeared thousands of years ago. In ancient Rome there was an indisputable rule. Before starting the laying of the settlement, they laid and paved the road along which it was possible to reach it. Further, water supply facilities and drains were constructed. After this, residential buildings were built. The monument to the road construction is a preserved fragment of the ancient Roman road to the Palatine. The bridge structures at that time were very simple. A foundation was made, which consisted of sand, cartilage, rubble, stones were laid on it. All this was well compacted, and the seams were soaked with medium or fine sand.
During excavations in Pompeii, well-preserved areas with cobbled streets were discovered. Moreover, the passage for the carts (carriageway) was separated from the passageway for residents. The surviving pavements were made of cobblestones.
In medieval Europe, pavements are city streets made of cobblestones or processed stones. They have survived to our times. True, they were periodically repaired. Such coverage can now be seen in many European cities, where stone pavements are a very common occurrence in the old districts of cities and villages.
Bridge in Russia
In the flat part of Russia, stone was tight, but there was always plenty of forests, so the street was made of wood. In northern cities and settlements, you can still see wooden courtyards and sidewalks, as this is the cheapest type of coating. An example is the city of Arkhangelsk, where wooden pavements are an integral part of the old city.
In 1714, the obligation to collect stones was introduced to pave the streets in the new capital, St. Petersburg. Each homeowner had to pave the way in front of the house. It was necessary to do this evenly and so that in the spring it would not blur with rains. All ships coming from Ladoga were required to bring stone to St. Petersburg in the prescribed amount.
Each supply arriving in the capital was to bring three stones weighing five pounds. For non-execution, a fine of one hryvnia was due, which at that time was a lot of money. In order for the city residents to know what pavement is and how to lay the cover, rules were developed that were approved by the mayor of St. Petersburg in 1718. Paved roads became widespread in the south of tsarist Russia, as well as in the Baltic part. Of particular pride is the Red Square in Moscow, paved with paving stones (sawn tiles).
What do pavements make
The materials from which pavements are made are cobblestones, ashlar (pavers), cast-iron plates, wood, and asphalt. The first cast-iron pavements appeared in US cities - New York and Boston. The manager of the Russian Sakharov Steamship Factory, being in the USA, acquired and brought samples to Russia. According to them, blanks were made for paving a small yard of the ship's factory. The Grand Duke Konstantin became interested in the pig-iron bridge , who ordered the small bridge to be laid in the same way at the Penkovy Bridge, on a site with heavy traffic. The length of the trial plot was only 160 meters.
After the tests, several more pavements were covered with cast-iron plates, which have served people for more than 100 years. In 1978 they were restored, and today it is a landmark of the city. Cast-iron pavements can be found in Kronstadt.
Coverings made of hewn stones, which are stacked according to a certain pattern, gained great popularity. The bridge turns out to be smooth, which makes the movement on them more comfortable. The materials for their manufacture are sandstone or granite. This method is laborious. Sandstone bridges can be found in Paris and Berlin, granite - in London and St. Petersburg. They have certain disadvantages. The former are less durable, and the latter are very slippery in rainy weather.
Since 1926, pavement coatings began to be made of asphalt, which is more resistant to natural disasters, its laying is less time-consuming. Currently, the road paving process is fully mechanized. Today it is not accepted to call the paved street pavement. This name has been preserved for roads and streets paved with stone, cast iron.