For the normal existence and life of a person, it is necessary to create and maintain certain environmental parameters, including air. Changes in temperature, the accumulation of harmful impurities in it significantly affect the well-being of people and their health. To maintain the desired characteristics of the air in the room, special equipment is used.
Air requirements
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning perform the function of maintaining comfortable and safe for a person indicators of temperature, humidity and concentration of harmful secretions.
According to sanitary and hygienic standards, such characteristics of the air environment are considered favorable for a person's stay:
- temperature is from 18 to 22 ° C, fluctuations in summer are within 20–28 ° C, and in winter and transitional periods up to 22 ° C;
- relative humidity of 30-60% is considered permissible, in the cold period the upper limit is reduced to 45%.
For the destruction of the gas shell around a person, the movement of air is also important. At a maintained room temperature of about 20–25 ° C, it is recommended to adhere to a value of air velocity of 0.2–0.3 m / s, during heavy work this parameter can reach 0.6 m / s. For different areas and rooms, different ventilation and air conditioning are used. SNiP and other relevant regulatory documents describe the necessary parameters and device systems in each case.
Types of ventilation systems
There is a certain division of the types of indoor climate maintenance systems. Air conditioning and ventilation can be carried out by several types of equipment depending on the goals and means used:
- by the method of bringing air into motion, they are divided into gravitational (natural) and systems with mechanical motivation (artificial);
- depending on the purpose - for supply, mixed and exhaust;
- ventilation systems can be both general exchange and local (zonal);
- by execution they are divided into channel and non-channel.
In gravitational systems do not use fans or other mechanical means, and the movement of air is achieved by the pressure difference of the air column.
Local ventilation is used to supply air to certain areas and to take it from there. Most often these are places where contamination by technological or other emissions occurs. An umbrella over a stove also applies to local exhaust ventilation. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning can be performed both by separate systems, and by one equipment.
Types of indoor climate systems
Air conditioning is carried out to maintain the desired environmental parameters in enclosed spaces. Sometimes erroneously called this term only cooling.
The gradation of air conditioning systems is extensive, but the main difference is in why the necessary air parameters are maintained. In this case, they are divided into two large classes:
- comfortable - characteristics of the air environment are created and maintained for people to stay in the room;
- technological, the main purpose of which is to ensure the temperature, speed and humidity necessary for the operation of equipment or production.
In residential, commercial, office and public buildings comfortable air conditioning and ventilation are used. For this, domestic, semi-industrial and industrial air conditioners are used.
Air heating
Heating - heating rooms to return to them the heat lost in the cold period through the external fencing to maintain a comfortable temperature and ensure production technology. For different purposes, use various types of heating appliances and systems. It can be steam, water, infrared, electric and air heating.
Air conditioning and ventilation are often combined with heating in one system. An example of this is air, in which air is collected by mechanical systems, heated and distributed back. This design can also be equipped with coolers and a mixture of fresh air. In housing, water, steam, electric and infrared systems are most often used.
Industrial ventilation and air conditioning
Technological industrial ventilation and air conditioning are used to create the parameters needed in production. They mainly use equipment of increased power, designed to handle large volumes of air. This is relevant for workshops, production lines, workshops, where environmental parameters are of fundamental importance for the quality of products.
This class also includes:
- aspiration systems in the woodworking industry ;
- supply and exhaust systems of cleanrooms (electronic, pharmaceutical and other industries).
Sometimes industrial air conditioning and ventilation include systems installed in large rooms, supermarkets and shopping centers, although in these cases they are used mainly for the comfort of people.
Installation requirements
The basis for the correct operation of all building engineering systems, except for the quality of the equipment, is also professional installation and commissioning. It largely depends on the skills and education of technical personnel. The installer of ventilation, air conditioning and heating systems must have knowledge of the nuances of work, the capabilities of equipment and safety regulations.
Regardless of the class of premises and their purpose, the organization of the microclimate system begins with the development of the project. In it, specialists must calculate all the parameters of the equipment, the number and types of components, installation stages. After that, it becomes possible to calculate the cost of the project and begin work on installing the system.
The further operation of ventilation, heating and air conditioning systems without unforeseen situations depends on the coordinated work of specialists at all stages of production.