Meaning and grammatical signs of a pronoun: features and rules

The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is about pronouns as part of speech. The grammatical signs of the pronoun, their features, the role in the sentence - all this is covered in the material.

Pronoun

An important place in the morphological list of the Russian language belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of the part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific signs of the word. A pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena, without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun can be replaced with a pronoun, a twenty numeral with a word, a blue adjective with a pronoun, and so on.

Classification of pronouns by value

There are several classifications. So, on the basis of the meaning that the word carries, personal pronouns ( he, you, we ), possessive ( his, your, ours ), indicative ( that, this, such ), definitive ( everyone, the most, everyone ) are distinguished, interrogative- relative ( what, whose, who ), indefinite ( someone, some, some ), negative ( nothing, nothing, no ) and reflexive pronoun of itself . Grammatical signs of a pronoun are indicated on the basis of its meaning.

Personal, possessive, refundable, indicative

The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. Grammatical signs of personal pronouns are the presence of a category of a person, the ability to change in cases, the presence of a category of gender in 3 persons. For example: He was in high spirits while fishing. The sentence has a personal pronoun (s) for him , which is characterized by such characteristics as 3 persons (in the initial form - he), genitive, masculine.

The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessives as well) are similar to those of the adjective: they also vary in cases, numbers, and gender. For example, This house is his dream. The sentence has this indicative pronoun (singular, masculine, im. Case) and its possessive pronoun (singular, masculine, im. Case). The reflexive pronoun does not change; it has a constant, traditional form - itself .

Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative

The grammatical features of the definitive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to possessive pronouns, but indicate a generalized attribute. The sentence is consistent with the noun. For example, every day it became warmer. Each pronoun is consistent with a noun in number, gender, and case.

Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and compound sentences as a brace. Moreover, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and relative in another: What do they say about new gadgets? (interrogative) - He was told what they say about new gadgets (relative). Such pronouns do not change, only who and what possess the category of case.

Indefinite pronouns indicate the vagueness of something and are formed from interrogative ones by adding prefixes of not - and some - or suffixes - something , - that , or . Thus, the grammatical signs of a pronoun depend on its meaning. Negative views of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogative ones, but are used for negation. For example: Someone heard an unknown sound. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some - indefinite and negative for anyone .

Grammatical classification of pronouns

Replacing one or another part of speech, the pronoun is related to any of them. Therefore distinguish pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals, which indirectly call an object, sign or quantity.

Nouns are those that can replace a noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogative who and what, and negative ones formed from them, reflexive. They answer questions of nouns. In the proposals are most often additions or subject. The grammatical features of the pronoun-noun are indicated on the basis of its relevance to one or another category in meaning. For example, personal ones have categories of persons, numbers, cases, and for negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns-nouns it is not customary to define a person.

Adjectives are those that answer questions of adjectives and fulfill the syntactic role of a definition. This is a large group of such parts of speech, which include all possessive, some indicative ( such, this, this and others), some interrogative ( which, whose ) and the indefinite and negative derived from them. The grammatical signs of words from this category are similar to the signs of adjectives, that is, they have inconsistent categories of case, gender, number.

The numerals include the interrogative word how much and the indefinite word as much , as well as the indefinite pronouns derived from them. Of the grammatical signs, they are characterized by only a change in cases.

The syntactic role of pronouns

According to the criterion of assigning to a particular category by value, it is easier to determine the grammatical signs of the pronoun. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated makes it easy to identify its syntactic role. So, in the sentence " She wrote them another letter" there are three pronouns that perform different functions: she (personal) - subject, them (personal) - addition, another (definitive) - definition.

To correctly name the sentence member expressed by the pronoun, questions help. For example, has no one lived in your house before ?. The question is who. - no one is a subject in which house ? yours is the definition. There are sentences that include only pronouns: These are they. This is the subject, they are the predicate. There are several of them : their complement, several subject.

Morphological norms for the use of pronouns

Speaking about the grammatical norms of the use of pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns of her, them, him, which are often used incorrectly. For example, his , her , theirs is a gross violation of the norm of the Russian language.

The use of pronouns he, they, and she often requires the addition of the letter "n" at the beginning of the word: he is without him, she is beside her, they are with them . This is necessary after the preposition. If there is no excuse, then the letter “n” is not needed in the word: they recognized him, asked her, saw them .

Pronoun and Context

Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. Some grammatical inaccuracies are associated with this. For example, Father left for the city. He was far away. Was your father or city far? The director, who is on the fifth floor, arrived at the office. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and possessive pronoun: The manager asked the manager to go into his office (whose office is: manager or manager).

Pronouns in the examination paper

In the examination work on the Russian language, there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of the noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in assignments in violation of grammatical norms. The table below provides examples of such tasks.

Often a pronoun plays the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences in a text. In the certification work there are tasks to determine the means of communication of sentences in the text. For example, it is necessary to determine what the proposals are related to: Vasily went to the city weekly for shopping. From it he brought fruit, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: Today it began to rain. This was unexpected. These sentences are linked using a demonstrative pronoun.

Thus, the grammatical signs of the pronoun, the morphological norms of their use, you must know to successfully pass the exam in the Russian language.

Interesting pronouns

The history of the formation of pronouns as part of speech is interesting and special. For example, I am the personal pronoun of the first person singular. It came from the Old Slavonic language , which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - az. Third person pronouns in the language formed later than all. This is due to the fact that previously there were demonstrative pronouns and, I, e, which were referred to a third party. And modern third-person pronouns arose by moving words from one category to another: from indicative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows the period when there were three kinds of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the remoteness of the subject from the speaker: co - close to the speaker, t - close to the interlocutor , he - absent from the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: it contains simple possessive forms ( mine, mine ), and interrogative ( whose? ), And indefinite ( someone's ), and negative ( nobody's ).