Means of communication of sentences in the text

This article is devoted to such a concept as a means of communication proposals. Related sentences form text. Therefore, in order to better understand this topic, first of all, it is necessary to determine the very concept of "text". This is where we start.

What is text?

A text is a work of speech, which consists of a series of sentences united by a common structure and meaning and arranged in one sequence or another. It may have a headline conveying the main idea and topic of the utterance. A leading topic in a large text breaks up into several microthemes, which usually correspond to a paragraph. Connectivity is an important feature of the text. The next sentence is always based on the previous one.

Text Attributes

The following text attributes can be distinguished:

• the presence of the main thoughts and topics;
• the possibility or availability of a title;
• obligatory semantic connection between his sentences;
• the presence of their sequence;
• the use of various linguistic means of communication between individual sentences.

All these signs must be present in order to be able to say that we have a text.

Different means of communication in the text

Different means of communicating sentences serve to ensure that the text reaches grammatical and semantic coherence. They are divided into syntactic, morphological and lexical. Let us dwell in more detail on each of them.

Lexical means of communication offers

1. Words belonging to one thematic group. For example: "Winter can be long and harsh in these parts. Frosts sometimes reach 50 degrees. Snow lies until June. Snowstorms happen even in April."
2. Lexical repetitions (that is, repetitions of phrases and words), including the use of cognates. It is a repetition of an expression or word. In speech, this technique is used as a bright and popular means of expression. It serves to achieve coherence and accuracy of the text, allows you to maintain the unity of the theme throughout its duration. In different genres and styles, lexical repetitions are used differently. So, for formal business and academic texts, this is the main tool for creating coherence. The description also uses repetitions quite often. An example is the following: "They discussed the book they read for a long time. That book turned out to be what they were waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain."
3. Synonymic substitutions and synonyms (including contextual, descriptive and synonymous synonyms, as well as generic designations). Usually, these means of communicating sentences are used when figurativeness, colorful speech are needed: in the style of fiction or journalistic literature. Example: "Pushkin’s work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet in his works managed to combine foreign language borrowings, high Old Church Slavs, as well as elements of conversational lively speech." They can bind not only individual sentences, but also act as a means of communication in a complex sentence in order to avoid repetitions.
4. Antonyms (including contextual). Example: "A friend is arguing. An enemy is assenting."
5. Phrases and words with the meaning of certain logical connections, as well as summaries, such as: therefore, that’s why, in conclusion, to summarize, this also implies others. Example: "A lot of salt is found in sea water. That's why it can not be used to prepare various dishes."

Morphological means of communication

1. Particles, allied words and unions at the beginning of sentences. An example where this means of communication between sentences is used: "Rain is rustling outside the windows. But it’s cozy and warm in our house."
2. The use of indicative, personal (in the third person) and other pronouns as a substitute for the words of the previous sentence: "Language is not transmitted to a person by inheritance. It appears only in the process of interpersonal communication."
3. The use of adverbs of place and time, which can be related in meaning to several sentences at once. At the same time they act as independent. An example where similar means of communicating words in a sentence is used: "On the right you could see the lake. Its waters glistened. Small groves turned green. Everywhere here you were waiting for calm and silence."
4. The unity of the various tense forms used in the text of verbs-predicates. An example where this means of communication between sentences is used: "Suddenly the night fell. It became very dark. The stars in the sky lit up."
5. The use of adverbs and various degrees of comparison of adjectives. Example: "The place was wonderful. It was better not to come up with" or "We climbed the mountain. Above there was nothing in the area."

Syntax Communications

1. Syntactic parallelism, which implies the presence of the same word order, as well as the morphological formalism of certain members of sentences that are nearby. Example: "Childhood is a carefree time. Maturity is a serious time." Another example: "The last day left before Christmas has passed. A clear winter night has come. A month has risen majestically into heaven to light the whole world and good people." Note that all three of these sentences are constructed according to the "subject + predicate" scheme. The text, thanks to such a technique as syntactic parallelism, becomes accurate, "harmonious" in terms of structure. The same arrangement of the respective members, in addition, structures the information communicated and helps us to establish links between the individual phenomena. Syntactic parallelism is found quite often in the text, however, it should not be specially “invented”: it is “visible” traditionally through the same forms. Syntactic parallelism is also used as a means of communication in a complex sentence between its parts.
2. The parcel (i.e. division) of various designs, the removal of any part from the proposal and its design (after the point) as a separate, independent incomplete. “To love one’s country means living one life with it. Suffering when it’s hard. To rejoice when the Motherland has a holiday.”
3. Use of incomplete sentences in the text. Example: "Do you know what we talked about? About painting, music, literature."
4. Use of introductory sentences and words, rhetorical questions, appeals. Example: "First, you need to find out what is most important right now. Second, you should start acting immediately."
5. Use reverse or forward word order. "I will come in the morning. I will come to see you."
6. In the text, in addition to the indicated ones, associative or semantic relations of parts can also be used.
   

The indicated means of communication of proposals are not strictly binding. Their use depends on the form of the narrative, the features of the author's style, the content of the topic. The union can be not only contact, but also distant (sentences that are remote from each other can also communicate). It is necessary to distinguish between the means indicated and the means of communication of the parts of a complex sentence. They may differ, but they may also coincide with those used in simple ones. In particular, complex sentences of means of communication often use such as unions and allied words. They are also used to combine simple sentences, although less frequently.

Ways to link sentences in the text

We continue to reveal the topic that interests us. Note that the methods and means of communication proposals are different concepts. We examined various means. We now turn to the methods (otherwise they are called species). There are two of them: parallel and chain communication. Let us consider in more detail each of the methods.

Chain link

Chain (that is, consistent) reflects the development of an event, action, thought sequentially. In texts with this connection, the sentence is correlated with phrases and words of the preceding: they seem to interconnect. In each previous, the “new” becomes “data” for the sentence following it.

The means of this type of communication are usually synonymous substitutions, repetitions, conjunctions, pronouns, semantic associations and correspondences. It is used in Russian in all styles. This is the most common, most massive way to connect in the text of sentences.

Example: "Finally we got to the sea. It was very calm and huge. This calm, however, was deceptive."

Parallel communication

Parallel communication is present when offers are opposed or juxtaposed, rather than linked. It is based on similar or identical in structure, that is, parallel constructions, in which verbs-predicates are usually identical in type and time.

The first sentence in many texts where parallel communication is present becomes for all subsequent “data”. They develop and specify the thought that is expressed in it (the "given" in this case is the same in all sentences, naturally, except for the first).

The main tools used in parallel communication: introductory words (finally, firstly, etc.), syntactic parallelism, adverbs of time and place (first, there, left, right, etc.). It is used most often in narration and description.

Example: “Forests serve to make our planet healthier. They are not only gigantic oxygen producing laboratories. They also absorb toxic gases and dust. They are therefore rightly considered the“ lungs of our earth. ”

Conclusion

Thus, in our article, we examined various ways and means of communicating sentences that are used in the text in order to make up some unity. Of course, the phenomena we have listed do not cover the whole variety. In addition, it often happens that texts are used at the same time at different levels.