The morphology of the Russian language is multidimensional and interesting. She studies the features of the parts of speech, their constant and variable features. The article discusses infinitive verbs in detail.
Infinitive
Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. This is a verb in the initial form. It represents a verb in dictionaries. For example, in the explanatory dictionary there is no verb you meet , since this is a personal form, the dictionary article is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - to meet . You can put a verb in this form by asking a question what to do? or what to do ?: meet - what to do? meet, draw - what to do? draw, call back - what to do? call back . Infinitive differs from other verb forms not only by question. Suffixes of infinitives (the verb in the initial form) are special: -ty, -ty, -ch. Therefore, the analyzed word is an infinitive if there are such morphemes in the verb.
Verb and its indefinite form
Particularly keen on learning Russian, pupils and students are concerned about the question of why the infinitive is called the indefinite form of the verb. Firstly, the word "infinitive" itself goes back to the Latin word, which translates as "indefinite." Secondly, the infinitive does not determine the form of the verb, more precisely, its personal form, the form of time, mood, gender, number and so on. The infinitive determines the constant characteristics of the verb, such as form, conjugation, recurrence, and transitivity. We will discuss them below.
Immutable Verb Signs
When performing a morphological analysis of a verb, it is required to indicate its features. Permanent signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.
A view is a part-tier category reflecting the relation of an action to its internal limit: accomplished / is happening. Infinitive verbs that answer the question of what to do? have a perfect look: say, cook, leave . Verbs in the initial form, answering the question of what to do? have an imperfect appearance: talk, cook, ride . Species pairs are distinguished, that is, words with the same meaning, but of a different type: decide - solve, say - speak, sew up - sew up, bake - oven.
Verb conjugation is traditionally determined by its initial form. 2 conjugations include those that end in - on (the exception is shaving, laying, laying down ), and the verbs hold, drive, see, watch, hear, breathe, hate, endure, offend, twirl, depend ; to the first - all other verbs. Conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by infinitive. The class of disjointed verbs is distinguished, which, when changing, combine the endings of 1 and 2 conjugations. These are the words to give, to eat, to run, to want .
Transition is the next constant sign. Infinitive verbs that are able to control the noun in the accusative case are called transitive, and those that cannot - intransitive. For example, to sew (what?) A button, to record (what?) A film, to draw (whom?) A child - transient; to be surprised, to call, to shoot are not used with the accusative case, that is, intransitive.
Reflective are those verbs that have a postfix: build, wash, make a reservation. Irrevocable - those for which this affix is absent.
Question about morpheme
Indicators of the initial form of the verb - morphemes -ty, -ty, -ch - cause discussions among linguists. Many define them as endings, referring to their ability to change: say - said, indicate, - indicated . However, the infinitive is considered an unchanging form, so it should not have endings. An increasingly common version is that morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflectional suffixes.
Non-verb form
Infinitives are non-personal verb forms. This is due to the fact that this is an unchanging form in which a person, gender, number are not determined. Infinitives do not carry nouns in the nominative case, unlike personal forms. They only call action without its relation to the face. The infinitive is not connected with the category of time, which is determined by personal forms. Inclination in them is also not definable. That is, the infinitive is surreal, it is timeless, it only calls action. Some students ask the question of what is the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. The infinitive is, in another way, a verb in its initial form.
In Russian grammar, other impersonal forms are also distinguished - this is the sacrament and participle. They, like the infinitive, do not change in faces. The participle is such an unchanging form of a verb that combines the attributes of an adverb and a verb and answers the question what having done? what doing : reading, publishing, pointing, refraining . Communion is such a form of a verb that denotes a sign by action, combines the signs of an adjective and a verb, answers questions of adjectives: which? surrounded, acting, looking, forgotten .
The role of the infinitive in the sentence
The peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb is that it can fulfill the role of any member in the sentence. Quite often , the infinitive verb in the Russian language is subject . Examples: To seek truth in everything was its end in itself. To appreciate the work of others is worthy. Talking to him is useless . Denoting the action, the infinitive acts as a predicate: Do not see you rest! He does not understand. Not to recognize her . Often he enters into a compound verb predicate, following the auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena began working immediately after her appointment. He stopped joking after receiving a comment .
Secondary sentence members can also be expressed in an indefinite form of the verb. So, the infinitive serves as an addition to the sentences: the captain ordered to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to work. The definition can be expressed by the infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to retire. Hope to leave by morning reassured them. The circumstance represented by the initial form of the verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped by the lake to feed the birds. To her come children from all over the city.
Infinitives in folklore and fiction
Infinitives have long been used by the people in folklore, more precisely in proverbs. The indefinite form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Less promise, less sin. Indulge a thief - steal himself. Not hard to do, but hard to come up with . In fiction, infinitive verbs are widely used. Examples: “I’m able to live in hemp dense,” “For this I called you to find out,” “Let me come first,” and “nobody cared about his worries, but only to talk” (Shukshin V .M. "Stoves"); “Nobody wants to change ... balance”, “the habit of smiling in such a way ... slightly pulled aside the lower part of his ... face”, “you could ask not to sprinkle him with crushed peanuts” (Iskander F.A. Summer Day ").