The first sports facility appeared in ancient times. According to archaeologists, people began to engage in the construction of such facilities long before the advent of our era. A higher degree of development of the construction of facilities for sports was in ancient Rome and ancient Greece. The grandeur of such construction and the feasibility of the constructed engineering structures are indicated by their partially preserved ruins. Such a sports facility was able to accommodate tens of thousands of people.
Modern stage of development
Until the beginning of the 20th century, a long stagnation was observed in the construction of sports facilities. Only a little over a hundred years ago, this break was replaced by a storm of interest in such objects. It was caused by an increase in the number of people engaged in mental work and wanting to compensate for their low mobility.
Such a sports facility as a stadium was first built in 1903 in the United States. And over the next ten years, five more such objects were completed in this country. From 1920 until 1926, the number of stadiums in the United States increased by 5 times.
The rapid construction of sports facilities began after the resumption of the tradition of the Olympic Games. From 1896 to the present, they have been held 22 times. At the same time, new sports facilities were built for each Olympics. And this is not surprising. The fact is that such games have always been an event of great cultural and social significance.
The largest sports facilities of our time
The most notable pages in the development of such structures began in the postwar years. This was the period when such complexes as the Palazzo and the Palazzetto del appeared in Rome. At the same time, a sports venue such as Koma Zawa was built in Tokyo. A unique University Stadium was erected in Mexico City. A huge Sports Palace was also built here. A major event in the social and cultural life of the planet was the discovery of such objects:
- Munich sports complex "Oberwiesenfil";
- Montreal cycle track and Olympic stadium;
- Moscow Central Lenin Stadium;
- Leningrad stadium. Kirov
- Kiev NSC "Olympic";
- Yerevan stadium "Hrazdan", etc.
The most interesting are the Moscow sports facilities built for the XXII Olympic Games. Among them are the largest in Europe. For example, the stadium "Olympic". A cycle track in Krylatskoye, as well as a
rowing canal located nearby, is also considered a unique structure
.Classification
There are various types of sports facilities. First of all, they are divided into main, auxiliary and premises for equipment and spectators.
The main part of any sports facility is the main facility. Its purpose is to organize competitions, as well as the training process. According to certain building rules, such sports facilities are erected. Norms developed and approved at the legislative level regulate the size of objects, the use of certain materials for coatings, etc. In addition, according to the rules of the competition, appropriate facilities and equipment must be provided for in such structures, tags must be affixed, etc. Main objects , in turn, are divided into open, without a canopy, and indoor.
The auxiliary rooms accommodate
staff. Its task is to maintain and provide the entire sports facility.
In the areas for visitors are devices for spectators. Such facilities are located in close proximity to the main zone and premises for staff.
Sports facilities are classified according to their functional purpose. In this case, the assignment of objects to a specific group depends on the competition for which sport they were built. However, both outdoor sports facilities and those under a canopy can have different purposes. In them competitions can be held not only in one, but also in several sports. In the latter case, such objects are considered universal. They either consist of several separate structures located on the same territory, or have the ability to transform equipment.
Placement principle
According to existing building norms and rules, any sports facility should be an element of the general system of domestic and cultural services for residents of the village. And here also there is a certain classification of such objects. They are divided into:
- microdistrict;
- interdistrict;
- district;
- citywide.
Microdistrict objects
Plane sports facilities are being erected inside residential complexes. They are designed with complexes designed for different age categories, and placed within walking distance in the range from 50 to 500 meters.
According to existing standards, for every thousand people in the microdistrict, there should be nine square meters of playgrounds for outdoor games, bike paths, and also areas for exercise.
Objects for several residential complexes
Interdistrict facilities are sports centers or park areas. They are designed in twenty-minute transport accessibility. The area of such territories is 0.14 ha for every thousand inhabitants. The structure of these objects may include playgrounds and football fields, outdoor pools and sports halls.
District facilities are designed at the rate of 0.18 hectares for every thousand people. As a rule, they are combined with physical education and sports centers of microdistricts. These complexes include numerous playgrounds, as well as a swimming pool and gyms.
City objects
Which structures will be erected on the territory of a particular locality depends on the number of its inhabitants. If the city is small (up to 500 thousand people), then sports facilities of urban importance should be combined with district and inter-district. With a larger number of residents, separate structures are being designed. City-wide sports centers are located thirty minutes away by car. The area of such facilities for every thousand inhabitants is assumed to be 0.11 ha.
Flat constructions
Among this type of sports facilities are fields and playgrounds, jogging or skiing tracks. All of them are designed for competitions and outdoor activities.
The most common plane sports facilities are playing fields surrounded by athletics tracks and places for jumping. Certain requirements for sports facilities of this type include landscaping the surrounding area. As a rule, these are protective strips of stands located along the perimeter of these objects. The width of such green areas should be at least ten meters.
All playing fields located on the territory of planar structures are grouped by sports. At the same time, they must have the dimensions specified by the norm and all necessary structures, equipment, as well as adequate lighting.
For an active lifestyle
Today, an increasing number of people spend their time at sports facilities. The main purpose of their classes is to improve their well-being. In this regard, objects such as sports and fitness facilities play an important role in the life of each locality. They do not serve at all for professional studies. They are visited to improve their health and keep fit. Such facilities, in addition to all of the above, include saunas and baths, massage rooms, mud and hydropathic facilities. Today, such types of recreational sports activities as aerobic gymnastics, fitness and athletics are very popular. Small, well-heated rooms with intensive artificial and natural lighting are allocated for them. A set of gymnastic and athletic equipment is used as equipment.
Sanitary requirements for indoor facilities
After the building was commissioned by the builders for further operation, the facility is accepted by SES workers. Indeed, the effect of the training conducted, as well as the health of the people involved, depends on the sanitary condition of these places.
Special requirements are imposed on the interior decoration of indoor facilities. In them, all walls and ceilings should have a flat surface, without any stucco decorations, protrusions, be easily washable. In order to ensure the safety of sports facilities, the radiators located in them are located only in niches and are covered with protective grilles. To avoid the risk of injury, the door frames should not be protruding.
When designing sports facilities, it is necessary to take into account the color of the walls of the premises. It should have a certain degree of reflection and favorably influence the psychophysical functions of a person.
The floor or treadmills of sports and fitness facilities should not have protrusions and potholes. The material for their coating must be used a little elastic and well washable.
In the halls of indoor structures, the optimum temperature and humidity conditions should be maintained. This is an important condition for maintaining the health of the people in them. At a certain level should be the speed of air movement. Its value is not more than 0.5 meters per second. It is advisable that all gyms have natural light. In the dark, in such rooms, lamps of reflected or scattered light should be switched on. In order to take the necessary security measures, the medical center of sports facilities is located in the immediate vicinity of the hall.
A number of hygiene requirements are presented to equipment and equipment for training and competition. It must be made of good quality material, be in good condition and comply with existing standards for weight and shape.
Sanitary requirements for open facilities
Flat sports facilities must be constructed using a special coating. It should be a smooth non-slip surface that does not contain mechanical impurities that can lead to injury.
Certain requirements are imposed on the grass cover of such structures. The green lawn should be thick, low, frost-resistant and resistant not only to frequent mowing, but also to trampling.
When arranging the coating, slopes that divert surface water should be provided. In addition, according to hygiene requirements, the installation of drinking fountains and toilets is necessary on the territory of the facilities. All sites should have artificial lighting.
Sports Management
The system of the social and economic sphere of our country has undergone fundamental changes in connection with the transition to market conditions. This factor also influenced the management of sports facilities. To date, organizations of a fitness profile for their further development should create a management system that will allow them to have a stable position in the market. Of course, the independence given to sports organizations has led to the complication of their management and an increase in the volume of work performed by senior staff. The officials of the sports facility are tasked with:
- ensuring free access for citizens to sports and physical education;
- compliance with all regulatory requirements for the adoption of necessary safety measures for the health and life of trainees;
- the implementation of the promotion of sports;
- doing business.