Rich Russian has a large number of diverse parts of speech. These are such groups of words, united among themselves due to various common characteristics. Among them are distinguished adjectives, pronouns, verbs, nouns, adverbs and others. Each of them, as well as their numerous characteristics, should be discussed separately.
The morphological features of pronouns are very diverse, since this part of speech is quite interesting and somewhat different from others. You can learn more about them from this article.
What is a pronoun
Of course, first you need to understand what a pronoun is. This group of words is one of the independent parts of speech. She does not directly name the signs of objects, their quantity or the objects themselves.
Thus, in sentences, the pronoun can replace some other independent parts of speech: nouns, numerals and adjectives.
The questions answered by the pronoun are different. They can be applied to nouns (“what?”, “Who?”), And to numerals (“how much?”), And to adjectives (“which?”).
What signs do pronouns have?
Any part of speech that exists in the Russian language has a number of distinguishing features. Of course, the pronoun also has them. Such signs are divided into two main types:
- syntactic, which determine the role of a given part of speech in a sentence;
- morphological features of pronouns, which just give us an understanding of the fact that in a particular case we are dealing with a pronoun, and not with any other part of speech.
Syntax Signs
The role of pronouns in the sentence is different, it can be anything. The reason for this diversity is that these words can serve as a substitute for adjectives, nouns, and numerals. Depending on what part of the speech the pronoun will replace, it will turn out to be a subject, a definition, a predicate, or another member of a sentence.
Morphological features
This characteristic of this group of words is very extensive, since it also directly depends on what part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in a particular situation.
In any case, the following morphological features of the pronoun exist in Russian: permanent and non-permanent. The first category includes all those features that distinguish the pronoun from the other numerous parts of speech. The second category contains a list of features that somehow change depending on different circumstances.
Persistent symptoms
Let's talk first about the characteristics inherent only in this category of words. Permanent morphological features of a pronoun include such a basic concept as discharge. Any word that is a pronoun can have a certain rank. There are two main classifications of this part of speech. There are categories, grouped by value, and depending on the set of grammatical features.
Also, constant morphological features of pronouns can be represented by such concepts as person, gender and number. However, only one group of this part of the speech, which will be described below, has these constant characteristics.
Ranks of pronouns by value
There are as many as nine different categories into which words related to pronouns are subdivided. The assignment to one of the groups occurs depending on the meaning that the pronoun itself carries.
The first group, or category of pronouns, is personal, indicating direct participants in the conversation (for example, “you” or “me”), those who are not involved in it, and various objects (for example, “they” or “she”) .
The second group of pronouns is reflexive. This category has only one word - “yourself”. Here is an indication of the identity of the subject or person being subject (She does not protect herself).
The third group of pronouns is interrogative. This includes question words that can indicate quantity, signs, or objects and persons. For example, these are the words “how much”, “whose”, “what”.
The fourth group of pronouns is relative. Here are the same words as in the previous group, however, they are found in complex sentences and act as a link between their components. They are also called allied words.
The fifth group of pronouns is possessive. The words related here indicate the belonging of a particular subject to some other subject or person. Representatives of this category are, for example, the words “mine”, “them”, “him”, “your”.
The sixth group of pronouns is indefinite. These words are a way of expressing an indefinite nature, quantity, features or the subject of the conversation. They are a combination of interrogative pronouns with the prefixes “some” and “not” or the suffixes “either”, “something”, “that”. This group, for example, includes the words "someone", "some", "some."
The seventh group of pronouns is negative. In speech, such words are used in cases where the object of conversation or its signs are absent. They are formed from interrogative pronouns, to which the prefixes “no” and “neither” join. In this group you can find, for example, such pronouns: “nobody”, “nobody”, “no”.
The eighth group of pronouns is called indicative. These include words that can be used to describe or indicate the quantity or some attribute of an object. Examples of such pronouns are the following: “that,” “so much,” “this,” “such.”
The ninth group of pronouns is definitive, indicating a sign of the object in question. Here we are talking about such words as “any,” “the most,” “the other,” “any,” “himself,” etc.
The categories of pronouns depending on the grammatical attribute
Permanent morphological features of the pronoun also include categories that are characterized by grammatical features. Depending on them, pronouns can be related to adjectives, nouns, or numerals.
Pronouns playing the role of adjectives are indicative of signs of objects. Words in this category include:
- absolutely all pronouns from the category of definitive and possessive;
- some of the category of indicative (“such”, “this”, “this”, “such”, “that”);
- part of the categories of interrogative and relative (“whose”, “which”, “which”);
- pronouns from the categories of indefinite and negative, which can be obtained from those indicated in the previous paragraph.
The eighth group of pronouns is called indicative. These include words that can be used to describe or indicate the quantity or some attribute of an object. Examples of such pronouns are “that,” “so much,” “this,” “such.”
The ninth group of pronouns is definitive, indicating a sign of the object in question. Here we are talking about such words as “any,” “the most,” “the other,” “any,” “himself,” etc.
The pronouns that play the role of the numerals are a small group, which includes the words "as much", "how much", "how much", "several" and "so much." Words in this group are indicative of the number of objects.
Pronouns that act as nouns can indicate the object in question. This category is represented by the following words:
- all personal pronouns;
- returnable "self";
- pronouns from the categories of relative and interrogative (“what” and “who”);
- pronouns from the categories of indefinite and negative, which can be obtained from those indicated in the previous paragraph (“someone”, “someone”, “nothing”, etc.).
Features of nouns
Separate personal pronouns deserve special attention. This group contains only nine words; remembering them is quite simple. All of them have one feature that other types of pronouns do not have.
The constant morphological features of personal pronouns include not only one concept of the category to which they belong. This group is also characterized by the fact that it has an unchanging facial feature.
There are three groups of faces:
- 1st person is represented by the words “we” and “I”;
- 2nd person - “you” and “you”;
- 3rd person - “it”, “they”, “she” and “he”.
Another unchanging feature of this category of pronouns is gender. This information is not always highlighted in the sources, but it must be known and taken into account. So, the words “you” and “I” refer to the common genus. Words included in the third party group and presented in the singular, “it,” “she,” “he,” are middle, feminine, and masculine, respectively. Moreover, the words of this category for which the number is plural (“they”, “you”, “we”) do not possess the sign of gender.
The immutable sign of pronouns belonging to the category of personal is the number that is inherent in them.
The pronouns from the categories of relative and interrogative “what” and “who” also have their own peculiarity. Regardless of context, these words are singular. In this case, the representative of the middle gender is “what”, and the male is “who”. The morphological features of indefinite pronouns and negative pronouns that can be obtained from these words are the same. Thus, in this group of pronouns, along with the categories to which they belong, immutable characters are also gender and number.
Intermittent pronouns
Variable morphological features of the pronoun have the property of changing depending on the context. Also, their set is different for pronouns belonging to different grammatical categories. In general, such a group of attributes includes such concepts as gender, case, and number, if specific words have them.
First, let's talk about pronouns that perform the functions of nouns. As mentioned above, in most of the pronouns that make up this category, the number and gender belong to immutable characters. The pronoun "self" does not possess these two characteristics at all. However, all words included in this kind of pronouns tend to vary in cases. This is their main inconstant sign.
If we are talking about pronouns that play the role of adjectives, then the changing attributes they will be case, gender and number in accordance with the noun to which they relate. Morphological features of possessive pronouns possess one feature. In this category, the words “them,” “her,” and “him” do not change in any way. And among all the signs, this property of their immutability is constant. The pronouns “such” and “what” do not possess the ability to change in cases.
Pronouns that perform the functions of numerals do not have such characteristics as gender and number. This property of them is exactly the same as that of all significant numerals. Thus, the inconsistent morphological features of the pronoun-numeral are represented only by a change in cases. At the same time, they interact with nouns as follows:
- in the nominative and accusative cases, they control the noun in the genitive plural;
- in indirect cases are consistent with nouns.
The structure of the morphological analysis of the pronoun
It is important to know the morphological features of pronouns for morphological analysis, which is often necessary for each part of speech. It is done in several stages.
At the first stage, they write the name of the part of speech and indicate the initial form of the word being parsed (that is, they bring it into the nominative case, singular).
At the second stage, all morphological characters that are inherent in this pronoun are listed. First, constant characteristics are listed: for all pronouns, of course, this is a discharge depending on the meaning. Further, for personal pronouns, the person, gender and number are indicated, and for the words “what”, “who” and those derived from them, their number and gender must be mentioned. Then they talk about inconsistent characteristics, if any particular word has them.
The final step requires an indication of which member of the sentence the disassembled pronoun is.