Under the concept of syntax should be understood a special section of the science of language, which is engaged in the study of two units: sentences and phrases.
This article will focus on the syntax of the sentence. First, we will find out what the concept of the sentence as a whole implies, and then we will talk in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in Russian.
1. The concept of the proposal
Being one of the basic units of a language, it is a collection of one or more words, which usually consists of a question (then they are called interrogative), an incitement to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).
It is customary to divide all complex sentences into complex (equal) and complex subordinate (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are linked using special unions or union words).
2. How to determine the types of subordinate clauses?
By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you only need to remember the four main features:
- about the grammatical meaning;
- about the question to which this proposal answers;
- about the part of the proposal to which it can be attributed;
- about communication facilities.
It is on the basis of these features that the syntactic units are divided into detailed, definitive, connecting, and detailed.
3. Subordinate clauses in Russian
1. Definitive. Role: characterize the characteristic of the subject.
The question the proposal answers is: which?
What the sentence refers to: a noun.
Unions and allied words: when, where, where, which, what, whose, what, what.
Other characteristic features: indicative words are used - any, everyone, everyone, such, that.
For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.
2. Explanatory. Role: considered in more detail and complement the meaning of the main proposal.
The question the sentence answers is: what?
What they relate to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.
Unions and allied words: as if, so that, what, why, where, what, when, where.
Other salient features: the indicative word "that" is used.
For example: I know that I can do this.
3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.
What they relate to: the whole main sentence.
Unions and allied words: “why,” “what,” “why.”
4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. The relative clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:
- mode of action and degree
Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and mode of action.
The question the proposal answers is: how? how much? in what degree? as?
What they relate to: a verb or an adjective.
Unions and allied words: “if”, “so”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.
Other characteristic features: indicative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “how much”, “so much”, “so”.
For example: He screamed so that he nearly stunned those present.
Role performed: indicate the place of action.
The question that these types of subordinate clauses answer: where? where to? Where?
What they relate to: the whole sentence or the predicate.
Unions and allied words: “where”, “where”, “where”.
Other characteristic features: indicative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.
For example: Where the road ended, the field began.
Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.
The question the proposal answers is: how long? when? since when? how long?
To which relate: to all of Ch. sentence or predicate.
Unions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “bye”.
Other characteristic features: indicative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.
For example: While you were watching TV, I read the newspaper.
Role performed: indicate the condition under which the action is performed.
The question the proposal answers is: in which case? under what condition?
What they relate to: the whole main sentence or the predicate.
Unions and allied words: “stake”, “stake”, “time”, “if”, “how”.
For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.
Role performed: indicates the cause.
The question the proposal answers is: for what reason? from what? why? because of which?
To which relate: to all of Ch. sentence or predicate.
Unions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.
For example: He went on foot, because did not want to go in stuffy vehicles.
Role: provide clarification by comparison.
The question the sentence answers is: like what?
What they relate to in the sentence: to all chap. sentence or predicate.
Unions and allied words: “as if,” “how,” “than,” “as if.”
For example: He preferred to remain silent, like a fish.
Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.
The question the sentence answers is: why? for what purpose? for what? what for?
To which relate: to all of Ch. sentence or predicate.
Unions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “then to”.
For example: I want to learn to know.
Role performed: circumstance for the performance of the action.
The question the proposal answers is: no matter what? contrary to what?
What they relate to: the whole main sentence or the predicate.
Unions and allied words: “no matter what,” “despite what,” “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “when not”, “no matter how much”
For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.
Role to be performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.
The question the sentence answers is: which of these?
To which relate: to all of Ch. offer.
Unions and allied words: “so”, “therefore.”
For example: Despite hunger, I will not eat it.