Permanent signs of the adjective. Morphological features of adjectives

Each part of the speech is characterized by certain characteristic features that are unique to it. This allows you to group the words of the Russian language depending on their grammatical properties. They are studied by a special section of the Russian language - morphology, which takes into account, among other things, the inconstant and constant morphological features of the adjective, noun, verb , etc. Knowing the features of the significant and service parts of speech helps to accurately morphological analysis and correctly build phrases and sentences.

In Russian, there is a clear analysis scheme. For each independent part of speech, it includes the definition of a generalized grammatical meaning (including a question), morphological features (permanent and non-permanent), syntactic function in a sentence.

What is the name adjective

This is a significant part of speech, which is often used in descriptive texts. Adjectives indicate permanent signs of objects and answer questions: which? whose? They enter into semantic relations with nouns and, when forming phrases, are consistent with them in number, gender, case (inconstant signs). This part of speech can denote the property of an object without its relation ( young age ) or through its relation ( winter day, cow's milk ) to other objects and phenomena. Depending on the value, three categories are distinguished - this is a constant attribute - an adjective. In a sentence, the words of a given part of speech fulfill the function of definition or predicate.

Division into digits

The adjective name can characterize the subject from different angles:

• in shape and position in space: round ball, steep slope ;
• in size and color: huge tree, green lawn ;
• on physical qualities: warm day ;
• by intellectual and physiological properties: stupid child, kind person ;
• by time and space: morning newspaper, city noise ;
• according to the material from which the thing is made: a straw effigy ;
• by appointment: sleeping suit ;
• by accessories: uncle's suitcase .

Permanent signs of the adjective are dividing them into three categories: high-quality ( hot coffee ), relative ( winter walk ) and possessive ( dad's tie ). They are based on a meaning that necessarily correlates with a noun.

Quality adjectives

The most productive group of this part of speech. Qualitative adjectives are carriers of such a feature that can be observed in an object to a greater or lesser extent, which often manifests itself in the formation of a degree of comparison. The second important property of this group is the use in short form. It does not change in cases and is a predicate, i.e., a predicate, in a sentence.

Permanent signs of the adjective of this category are manifested as follows.

1. The word can have along with the full short form: the table is huge .
2. The presence of a degree of comparison: this picture is more beautiful, that house is taller, the strongest fighter, the biggest holiday .
3. The ability to form the following groups of words: adverbs in -o , -e : sweeter ; abstract nouns: greens ; forms containing a subjective assessment: smart ; complex adjectives (by repetition): tasty-tasty ; non- root word with the prefix non- : not stupid .
4. The ability to enter into a pair of synonyms or antonyms: g hot-cold-warm (tea) .
5. Use with adverbs with a degree of EVERYTHING, VERY, EXTREMELY, etc.: very heavy rain .

Not all of the permanent features of the adjective listed above must necessarily appear in a word. At least one of them is enough to attribute the adjective to high-quality. By the way, some of them have only a short form: must, glad , etc.

Many words of this category are not derived: hot, blue . There are also frequent cases of their formation from nouns ( cream color ), verbs ( moving boy ), other adjectives: qualitative ( gloomy look) or relative and possessive - golden hands, bear walk . It should be noted and the formation of new words by adding the same root or repeating: white-white carpet .

Knowing all the features allows you to correctly determine the permanent attributes of the adjective, i.e., discharge.

Grade comparison

The ability to manifest itself in an object is more or less sometimes perceived as a constant attribute of an adjective. Meanwhile, the category of degree of comparison can take several forms (this is an indication of inconstancy). It is a distinctive feature of high-quality adjectives.

The formation of degrees of comparison:

As the table shows, the simple form is formed by suffixes ( -e, -ee, -he, -aish-, -eysh ), and the compound form is made up of special words added to the full form ( more, less, the most ) or a simple comparative degree (of all ) . Another way is suppulatory, that is, from a different basis: good is the best (comrade) .

Words used in a simple comparative degree do not change.

Signs of relative adjectives

It should be noted right away that this group of words does not possess any of the above qualities. The sign that they designate is necessarily correlated with another object or event. This is manifested in the possibility of replacing the phrase [noun + adjective] with synonymous [noun + noun]. For example, a wooden fence = a wooden fence. The relation of one subject to another in relative adjectives may be as follows:

• by time: last year's meeting ;
• in the place: church chant ;
• by material: metal rod ;
• by appointment: mantel clock .

Relative also include complex adjectives, the first part of which is a numeral: a two-story building, a three-year-old kid .

Permanent morphological features of the relative adjective are also manifested in the fact that they have only the full form.

Education

The derivative basis for relative adjectives is nouns, verbs, adverbs, and the method of education is suffix ( -n-, -an-, -yan-, -in-, -en-, -onn-, -- ). For example, a hazy look, a clay bowl, lecture time, a quick look .

Permanent signs of the adjective possessive

This group expresses the belonging of an object to someone: a person, an animal. First of all, they can be identified by the question: whose ? They, like relative ones, do not have a degree of comparison, a complete and short form. These are the main permanent features of the adjective of this category.

A feature of possessive adjectives is their morphemic composition. They are formed from nouns using the suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -iy- : fathers office, mother's coat, fox ears . If in qualitative and relative adjectives the i is the ending ( blue-it-it ), then in the possessive suffix visible when recording the transcription (sound composition) of a word. For example: fox [ l ^, is ^, 1st ^, eva ].

Transition of adjectives from one rank to another

The meaning and grammatical signs of the adjective are often conditional. They can acquire a figurative meaning and move from one category to another. Thus, a relative adjective often acts as a qualitative one, especially in fiction (an additional means of expression). This can be seen in phrases with the adjective IRON: the door is relative, the will is qualitative.

Reverse processes are not so frequent. A high-quality adjective usually changes rank if it is part of the term: light industry .

Possessive possessive adjectives have a similar property . And more often this refers to words related to animals. For example, combinations of the word ZAYACHYA with different nouns: a hole (possessive), hat (relative - from what?), Cowardice (qualitative).