Traditionally (and in school grammar), a complex sentence was understood as a combination of simple sentences, achieved with the help of certain syntactic means and characterized by semantic, constructive and intonational integrity. But its parts are not simple sentences, since: 1) they often cannot be independent communicative units, but exist only as part of a complex; 2) do not have intonational completeness; 3) the whole proposal answers a single informational question, i.e. represents one communicative unit. It is more correct to consider them not as simple sentences, but as predicative units.
Classification of complex sentences
Let us analyze complex and complex sentences, examples and their classification. To begin with, both are complex. Complicated sentences differ in the nature of the relationship, the nature of the predicative units, and the order of the parts. They are allied and non-union. Allied, which we will dwell on in this article, in turn, are divided into complex and complex sentences (see examples below).
Complicated sentence (BSC)
MSS are such complex sentences, parts of which are connected by creative unions and are not grammatically independent of each other, i.e. are in relation to equality, equivalence.
The specificity of creative unions consists primarily in the fact that they are in a fixed position - always between connected predicative units (except for repeated unions). They are not included in any part of complex sentences. When changing the order of predicative units, the place of union does not change. Analysis of a complex sentence, examples of its various types are given in this article.
Classification of Complex Unions
The classification of SSP in Russian Grammar-80 is based on the division of unions on the basis of unambiguity / ambiguity. Unions of a non-differentiating type include: and, but, yes, yes, or, or, or their synonyms. They gravitate to the expression of a certain type of relationship, but their meaning is always to some extent determined by the context or specified by the concretizer. Unions of a differentiating type (mainly allied analogues) uniquely qualify certain relations: that is, namely, therefore, also, on the contrary, or rather, others that have a complex sentence.
Examples of BSC with unions of non-differentiating type
- Her heart was beating violently, and her thoughts could not stop on anything (actually connecting).
- I called, and they immediately opened the door (improperly connecting with the positive qualification of communication).
- He never kept his word, and this is very bad (improperly connecting, connecting-commenting).
- He joked, and I was malicious (comparative).
- Life goes fast, but you still haven't had time to do anything (inconsistency, complex sentence).
Examples with the union "but":
- There is no rain, but the air is rather humid (counter-concessive).
- He is not very diligent, but he is engaged in music with pleasure (nasty-compensatory).
- It is quite dark, but the light has not yet been lit (counter-restrictive).
- It smells of hay, but the smell is thick and gentle (connecting-spreading compound sentence).
Examples with unions "or", "or":
- Let him move here, to the outbuilding, or I will get over from here (modally complicated).
- Either I'm wrong, or she is telling a lie (a modally uncomplicated compound sentence).
Examples of BSC with unions of differentiating type
- I do not know how to recite poems, that is, I do not like to read them with any special expression (explanatory).
- The snow was already lying, but it was quite warm (there were no severe frosts yet) (contrasting).
- I never teased her, on the contrary, I treated her very carefully (optional-commenting).
- He spoke for a long time and monotonously, therefore he was very tired of all (cause and effect).
- Not only my friends treated his weaknesses condescendingly, but the envious ones did not dare to object to him (gradation).
Complicated Offer (NGN)
SPP is such a complex proposal, in which there is a dependence of parts connected by subordinate means of communication: unions and allied words.
The structural and semantic classification of SPP is based on an important formal attribute - the nature of the syntactic, formal dependence of the subordinate part on the main part. This feature combines the scientific classifications of V.A. Beloshapkova and Russian Grammar-80. All NGNs are divided into non-split and split type offers. Their differential features are as follows.
Unpartitioned type
1. The adverbial part is in the notional position (refers to one word in the main), the notional or correlative relation (refers to the demonstrative pronoun).
2. One of the parts is synonymous, that is, cannot be a semantically sufficient communicative unit outside the composition of a complex sentence.
3. Communications - syntactic (multi-valued) unions and union words.
Dissected type
1. The subordinate part refers to the whole main sentence: a determinative connection.
2. Both parts are autosemantic, i.e. potentially able to exist independently.
3. Communication means - semantic (unambiguous) unions.
The most important sign is the first, structural sign.
Further classification of the disassembled type of logical framework is carried out taking into account the content, semantic aspects (such as time, condition, assignment, reason, purpose, effect, comparative, comparative aspect that a complex sentence may have).
Examples from fiction and other suggestions:
- It has been several hours since I left the city (temporary).
- If you can, come to two o’clock (condition).
- Although it was too late, the light was on in the house (concession).
- I almost never have free time, because music requires full dedication (reason).
- To study well, you need to work hard (the goal).
- His eyes shone like the stars shine in the dark sky (comparative).
- If he owns the thought, then he owns the form all the more (comparative).
The classification of an SPP of an undivided type is primarily based on a structural feature - the nature of the means of communication and only at the second stage - on semantic differences.
Types of non-split type SPP
1. With the union connection: explanatory, definitive (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.
2. With a pronominal connection: a pronominal-interrogative and a pronominal-relative compound sentence.
Examples from fiction and other allied sentences:
- It’s stupid that you won’t come (explanatory).
- The air is as clean as if it were not (definitive, quantitative).
- He spoke quickly, as if being urged on (definitive, qualitative).
- All this happened as if no one was in the room (definitive complex sentence).
Literature examples and other pronoun sentences:
- It was necessary to hear how he spoke (pronoun-interrogative).
- The house in which we live is new (pronoun-relative, oriented).
- Whoever addressed, there was no refusal (pronoun-relative, non-oriented complex sentence).
Examples of sentences (Grade 5, a Russian language textbook will help you continue this list), as you can see, you can cite the most diverse.
A more detailed theoretical part can be found in many manuals (for example, V. A. Beloshapkova "Modern Russian Language", "Russian Grammar-80", etc.).