Communion in linguistics is twofold. Some philologists consider it a special form of the verb, while other linguists are sure that it is an independent part of speech in Russian.
Nevertheless, participles, regardless of their specific definition, indicate signs of objects by their action. They combine the properties of two parts of speech - an adjective and a verb. The sacraments are asked: “Which?” (“What?”, “What?”, “What?”), “What is he doing?”, “What has he done?”, “What has he done?”.
Like adjectives, the participles are in gender, and only in the singular, in number, and in the case are consistent with nouns. Their initial form, like adjectives, is the nominative case of the masculine singular, for example: closed, standing, walking.
There are two categories of this part of speech: passive and real participles. Let's consider them separately.
Actual participle denotes that attribute of an object that is created by its action. For example, a running boy is one that runs himself , a running boy is one that runs himself.
In this case, the real participle takes the form of the present and past tense.
Another category of participles is passive, they show the sign that an object creates under the influence of another object.
Examples: a book read by a boy - a book that a boy read; A house built by builders is a house that builders built.
Thus, we see here two different forms of communion and two completely different situations: in the first case, the action is performed by the noun, the object that is the word being defined, in the second, the action is performed by someone over it.
Actual communion is distinguished by speech in a number of ways, including the type of education.
In Russian, the word formation of the participle is interconnected with those differences of the verb, which are expressed in their form and transitiveness. Thus, it is impossible to form all four forms of the participle from one verb.
From transitive and intransitive verbs real participles are formed, but only from transitive verbs - passive ones.
The real participles of the present tense are created only from verbs of imperfect form, and in no case from verbs of a perfect form, which do not have the form of the present tense. The same can be said of passive participles.
Examples: cry - cry - cry; love - love - loving.
Thus, intransitive perfect verbs form only real participles, and in the past tense.
Examples: run, jump.
Passive participles used in the present tense cannot be formed from such verbs as weeding, harvesting, shaving, baking, etc.
Consider the suffixes with which this part of speech is formed.
In case of formation of the first conjugation from the corresponding verb, suffixes are used - przh , -yushch (melting - melt, creeping - creep, swaying - swaying, etc.) and - asch , -yash - from the second conjugation (dependent - dependent, prayer - pray, stinging - stinging, praising - praising, gluing - glue).
The past tense of actual participles is the basis of the indefinite verb form. Suffixes that are used in this case: -with the basis of the vowel: scream - screaming - screaming; -sh - based on consonant sound.
It must be remembered that the verb “go” forms a real participle in the past tense: go - walk - walked.
The participles, just like adjectives, have a complete and short form. Their full forms vary by gender, number and case.
Examples:
We live in a state that occupies one sixth of the land.
The variety of dark, almost black cherries bred in France is called Mirabelle.
Short forms, however, have no cases; only the number and gender change in them.
Examples:
The book has long been written and sent to the printing house.
The novel has long been written and published.