The principles of Russian spelling are a kind of set of rules and regulations that are the foundation for the entire system of the Russian language. Each principle is based on a set of rules. It is this set of rules that makes the connection of the principle with the actual phenomena in the language.
The basic principles of Russian spelling have four directions: morphological, traditional, phonetic and differential. We will get acquainted with each of the directions in more detail.
The morphological direction is based on the requirement of identical spelling of morphemes. Prefixes, roots and suffixes of homogeneous words act as morphemes. Its essence can be defined in another way. Morphemes retain their structure in writing, regardless of pronunciation, which, based on different phonetic conditions, can sound completely different. Spelling is based on this particular principle. There is a definite connection between morphemes and pronunciation. It manifests itself in the form of a letter transfer for each individual sound in a different arrangement. So, for example, vowels can be pronounced completely differently depending on the stress, consonants change their sound when they are near vowels, or sonorous consonants. Thus, regardless of sound, morphemes of the same word form remain unchanged.
The huge variety of language and a wide range of sound and letter combinations makes precisely the morphological direction the most valuable of all the others. It allows you to study the grammar and spelling of the language without much difficulty.
In addition, the principles of Russian spelling suggest the presence of a phonetic direction, which is especially popular among students. It is based on the fact that the oral pronunciation of a word must fully correspond to the spelling. It is thanks to this principle that in the Russian language an alternation of letters appeared within the same morpheme.
The traditional direction is based on the spelling of words, which is fixed by prevailing norms and rules, regardless of pronunciation and other factors. Examples are words that came into Russian from other cultures and languages that do not meet the rules for doubling vowels and do not obey the rules of verification. Also, this direction is based on the big difference between the sound of the word and the written version. All other principles of Russian spelling can be studied, however, words that obey this principle must be remembered.
The differentiating principle of writing is based on the need to separate the semantic load of words, depending on their spelling. At first glance, the same word can carry a different meaning. Changing one of the letters allows you to distribute the forms of words between semantic loads.
The principles of Russian spelling and punctuation are formed on the basis of all existing rules in the Russian language, and represent the foundation for a competent presentation of speech on paper. The whole language consists of a set of basic principles, the most significant of which is morphological.
An important component of speech is the principles of Russian spelling of an auxiliary nature. These include the principles of doubling the consonants, the principles of the joint and separate writing of prepositions, as well as the principles that combine the rules for using a hyphen. It can be concluded that a wide range of spelling principles led to the diversity of the Russian language. The exception is words of foreign origin that do not obey the rules, and for their correct spelling they should be remembered. Thanks to many principles and rules, Russian speech is one of the most melodious.