The word at different levels holds together, improves the general language system. It is considered the basic foundation of the lexical-semantic structure, the elements of which interact and are interconnected. The semantic phenomena in each word have a multilateral character. They reflect the processes occurring in the vocabulary of the language. An important role in the formation of modern logistics is played by a system based on a combination of different lexical-semantic options (LSW). What it is?
Terminology
The word is an important, structural unit of the language, which serves to characterize different objects and their properties, phenomena, relationships, possessing a combination of phonetic, semantic and morphological properties. The phonetic structure is a collection of sound phenomena, semantic - a collection of meanings, morphological - a collection of morphemes that form the sound shell of each word.
The semantic structure of a word is an established set of components that form a certain general model in which lexical-semantic variants are interconnected and correspond to each other. LSV is a simplex unit. Its formal part is formed by a certain sound form of the word, and its substantive part is its interpretation. There are different classifications of this process, which differ in special elements and interconnection, programming a specific approach to the study of this phenomenon.
A few historical facts
As a modern discipline, semantics appeared in the middle of the 19th century. The term was first introduced in 1883 by the French linguist M. Brial, who was seriously interested in the problem of the language system. By the beginning of the 20th century, the term appeared in Russia. During this period, the development of the morphological structure of the word began.
The formation of the lexico-semantic system occurred in the comparative historical period of the development of the discipline dating back to the middle of the 20th century. At this time, there was a study of the lexical meaning of the terms and their integration into special groups in different subject areas.
Position
In the Russian language over the entire existence of logistics, many terms have accumulated with different lexical meanings. Over time, a need arose for their distinction and systematization. The study of such words and phrases is the science of semantics. The set of lexical-semantic variants of the word (LSV) forms the semantic structure of the word.
LSV words of all terms are collected in different Russian explanatory dictionaries. For example, there are dictionaries by S. I. Ozhegov, D. N. Ushakov, V. I. Dahl and others. Dictionary interpretation is a visual, concrete, directly perceived meaning of the word by others. Such theoretical constructions reflect the meaning of each term.
Appointment
The improvement and development of semantics is of great importance for the modern educational system. Its main goal is to study, systematize, update lexical-semantic variants of terms. This phenomenon allows to enrich and improve the modern Russian language. This category was gradually formed at a certain period in the historical development of society.
It reflects the meaning of the word, the totality of objective information in the system of relations, relationships, interactions. The process of lexical-semantic variation is a modification of the meaning of the structural units of the language. The semantic phenomena in each word are multilateral.
They reflect the basic processes that occur in the vocabulary of a language. Ambiguous words are an indicator of the functional heterogeneity of a word. There are terms of foreign origin that have different lexical differences. They are taken into account and collected in certain informative sources.
Components
The lexico-semantic variant (LSV) is an integral part of the semantic structure of a word. This phenomenon is a combination of outdated and modern interpretations of each term. Words that have one lexical meaning are represented by one option. Ambiguous words are terms characterized by several variations. The study of the word LSV is carried out by semantics, which are part of linguistics.
A word is the basic unit of a language, denoting objects, phenomena, relationships, actions, etc. The semantic structure of a word includes the totality of its semantic meanings. It characterizes the seminal composition of each term. Sema is a differentiated, semantic attribute, which manifests itself when comparing different terms. Its component is sememe. Specialists distinguish several main:
- token or set of lexical meanings;
- gramme or set of grammatical meanings.
Features
The lexico-semantic version has an internal form that characterizes the national specificity of the language and worldview, characteristic of different people. The meanings of LSW in different structure of a word are not equivalent. They are often considered the reason for the formation of different relationships and interconnections between elements that differ in their status. Modern experts are distinguished by:
- The main value. It practically does not depend on the context, is limited and is presented in the first place in the dictionary.
- Private value. It is limited in content, due to context, has moderate content and is most often in the dictionary after the main meaning.
Interaction
Phenomenon of variation of LSW involves a modification of the semantic structure of the word, which has a multilateral character. For example, the heterogeneity and inconsistency of the word LSW does not prevent the unity of the basic lexical meaning of the word. There are several types of relationships lexical-semantic variants of the word. Namely:
- A metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object or phenomenon to another according to the principle of their similarity and difference. This property relates to form, function, location, impression, evaluation, mode of action. For example, "crimson bonfire of sunset", "moon sickle".
- Metonymy is a phrase in which one word is replaced by another. This is the ratio of time and space, sign and thing, process and place, cause and effect, purpose and action, container and contents, material and product. For example, "eat three plates," "walk in gold."
- Sinekdoha is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part. For example, plum in the meaning of “fruit” and plum in the meaning of “fruit tree”.
Advantages and disadvantages
An important advantage of the lexical-semantic structure is its universality. It allows you to systematize the terms of any part of speech and any lexical meaning. It is convenient and easy to use "without leaving home." Nowadays, the lexical-semantic structure has found popularity in many parts of the world among people of different ages and social status.
However, despite many advantages, disadvantages of this phenomenon still exist. Time does not stand still. With the development of the technological process and the introduction of various innovations, many new terms and phrases with different lexical meanings have appeared. The ordinary explanatory dictionary no longer contains them. There was a need to systematize words on informative media that require frequent updates. There is a need for modern qualified specialists and new financial costs.
Study specifics
There are several approaches to the study of lexical-semantic variants of the meaning of the word. Namely: synchronous and diachronic. The first method is designed to study the main and particular, direct and figurative, extensive and intense, stylistic and abstract meanings of the word.
The second method allows you to classify the genetic characteristics of the word. These include the original and derivative, etymological and outdated, archaic and modern meaning of the word. Its analysis is a multifaceted process, which is considered to be the reason for the formation of various important phenomena in semantics: monosemy, polysemy, paradigms, etc.
Monosemy
These processes indicate the presence in the logistics of only one lexical meaning, which is characterized by all the formal features of the word. This phenomenon is an indicator of the uniqueness of any semantic structure. There are few such words in Russian. These are most often terms of foreign origin or words with an abstract meaning. The study of this process is the science of lexicology. Such signs are characteristic of the terms: alphabet, letter, oxygen, etc.
Polysemy
There is a point of view that in the Russian language there is no ambiguity, there is unconventionality that saves the speech and mental potential of any person. This phenomenon makes up the semantic structure of the word. Modern experts distinguish several types of lexical-semantic variants of polysemantic words, which depend on various factors. Namely:
- scope of use: common and terminological;
- chronology: primary and derivatives;
- lexical meaning: literary and non-literary;
- nomination method: direct and portable;
- attitude to content: free and related.
The main types of polysemy are: chain, radial, radial-chain. The first type reflects a certain sequence: each subsequent value is characterized by the previous one. In radial polysemy, all secondary interpretations depend on the direct meaning and are motivated by this property. The third type is characterized by signs of both structures.
The main prerequisites for the formation of this process is: change in the Russian language system; the emergence of other variants of the Russian language; metaphor and metonymy, etc. For example, a wheat field, an energy field, an activity field.
Famous paradigms
The meanings of words are capable of entering into a paradigmatic relationship, forming different associations. They are considered potential and are identified on the basis of similarities or differences in the meaning of the terms. Paradigms are systematized on the basis of common features and differ in differential properties. Modern experts identify several types of paradigms of lexical-semantic variants (examples prove this). Namely:
- Omonic. This is a systematic union of identical words in graphic form, opposed semantically. For example, light is "electricity" and light is "solar energy."
- Synonymous. An integral feature is the equivalence or similarity of the meanings of synonyms. For example, name: nickname, nickname, initials.
- Antonymic. This is a grouping of words with opposite meanings. For example, joyless and joyful, immoral and moral.
- Thematic. This is a comparable list made up of words that have an integral, explicit form. For example, the verb move has the forms: to ride, crawl, fly, etc.
- Hyper-hyponymic. It is a collection of words of a specific and generic concept. For example, a snake: a coppers, a cobra, an adder.
- Lexico-semantic. These are large groups that are united by a common semantic attribute. For example, furniture: table, chair, chest of drawers, chair, etc.
Typology and Invariance
In the Russian language there are words and phrases consisting only of lexical-semantic variants with typological properties that belong to different systems. Typology of words can be understood in different ways: as the ability of one and the same LSP to function in different conditions and as the level of development of specific LSP of words.
A special role in the semantic structure is played by invariance, the characteristics of which are characterized by the unity of the lexical-semantic variants within the word. These attributes are associated with a wide variety of types of meanings: morphological, word-building, lexical, etc. These relationships are dynamic, indicating that the semantic system, in spite of its stability, develops, changes, and improves. The combination of elements of the meaning of words with their features is considered an important regularity of the semantic structure, formation, development and functioning of a system of words.