As the adjective, predicate, pronoun, subject, numeral, verb, comparative turnover, definition and circumstance are emphasized. Supplement as emphasized?

You can ask a question about underlining an adjective or a pronoun only by mistake, and this article is just for those who are used to clarity in everything related to literacy. By underlining, subordinate relations are formed, which are formed among themselves by the members of the sentence, for example, the predicate and its complement. How is a particular word emphasized in a sentence? This is a more correct question, since it is not the word itself that actualizes, but its role in revealing the meaning. It is enough to separate the concept of a word as a participant in a specific sentence and the concept of a word as a lexical unit of speech, and the confusion with underlining will immediately disappear. Let's start with the proposal and its basis.

Members of the proposal, constituting the grammatical basis, and parts of speech expressing it

The grammatical basis includes the subject and predicate, answering the questions "who?", "What?" and "who does?", "what does?" respectively. A pronoun and a noun become subject more often than an adjective or a numeral.

• pronoun: " They built a snow fortress."
• numeral: " Ten times eight."
• adjective: "The senior was responsible for the order."
• noun: " A staircase leads to the attic."

So, the first step in the distribution of roles is the analysis of the proposal. Consider an example of how the subject in the sentence is emphasized: "The birthdays of the year in the snow fortresses were asleep."

Parsing sequence

Word	Grammar	group vile	group tale.	Dependence from members II level	Value	Part of speech	Answer to the question
days	Subject	✓			subject	noun	what?
of birth		✓			definition	noun	why?
of the year				✓	addition	noun	why?
in the fortresses			✓		circumstance	noun	Where?
snow				✓	definition	adj.	which ones?
were sleeping	predicate	✓			act	tale.	what they were doing?

As a result of the analysis, it becomes clear that the key feature that allows to determine the type of underline is the meaning of the word as a member of the sentence, and not its belonging to one or another part of speech. The predicate is the prerogative of the verb. But it happens that a numeral, if it means an action, is emphasized by a double line, as the predicate is emphasized. It remains to emphasize the subject of one, the predicate two lines, definition by a wavy line, circumstance by a dash, addition by a dotted line.

Defining the role of a word in a sentence. Levels and schemes of subordination

A pronoun can be a member of the main (subject) and secondary (addition or circumstance). In the role of the subject, the pronoun is emphasized by one feature, in the role of the complement, by the dotted line; as part of circumstances - a dash-dot line. It is not words that are emphasized as parts of speech, but words as members of a sentence. In the analysis of the sentence, the key points are the search for the grammatical basis and the establishment of a subordinate communication scheme using questions addressed to each word, in the sense following the basis. Combinations of "birth of the year"; "in snow fortresses" are underlined by a dotted line and a wavy line, respectively, as minor members are emphasized. In the sentence under consideration, the grammatical basis is “the days were asleep”:

1. The first level of subordination: what are the “days”? and "slept" where? ("birthdays"; "sleeping in the fortresses").
2. The second level of communication: the "birth" of what? and "in the fortresses" of which? ("birth of the year"; "in the snow fortresses").

The word as part of speech and as a member of a sentence. Parts of speech in the role of predicates. Numeral in the sentence. Functions of the adjective and subject, expressed as a numeral

How to distinguish between verb-predicate and verb-complement? What is the difference between numeral-subject and numeral-definition? What functions in the sentence are assigned to the adjective? Such questions are already associated with the role of the word in the sentence. The verb in the grammatical basis is a predicate and is emphasized by a double line. The adjective’s ambiguity is very pronounced, and if you don’t ask yourself another incorrect question from the series “how the adjective is emphasized”, and try to analyze its role in the sentence, you can emphasize its role:

• a wavy line as a definition: “songs are joyful, sonorous, cheerful”;
• dash-dot (complemented by circumstances): “a gloomy gray morning”;
• the solid line as the subject, if the adjective means a proper name or common name: "Fierce did not know mercy"; "Brown loved honey, plant foods, and gray was a predator." The adjective in the meaning of the noun is called substantive, that is, revealing the "substance", the essence of the subject.

Numerals represent:

• subject: “a thousand is not worth it alone” (type of underline - one trait);
• nominal part of the predicate: “five eight - forty” (double line);
• definition: “first holiday of the year” (wavy line);
• addition: “one hundred is divided into five, by four” (dotted line);
• circumstance: "when you are nineteen" (dot-dash).

When deciding how the numeral is emphasized, it is necessary set its value and level of submission.

Questions to the members of the sentence and parts of speech with which they are expressed. Underline Types

The circumstance explains, and the addendum extends the predicate, the definition clarifies the subject. According to the law of management, the subject affects the predicate, addition and circumstance obey the predicate. Thus, definition and circumstance relate to different grammatical groups - subject and predicate. Minor Members:

• subject groups - definition;
• predicate groups - addition, circumstance.

As the definition and circumstance is emphasized, we will consider after we get acquainted with the supplement. Addition means an object conveyed by a noun or pronoun:

Questions to supplement

Cases	Questions	Addition
Rod P.	Whom what?	No one had such a beautiful doll .
Dat P.	To whom; to what?	Soshi I doll dress.
Vin. P.	Whom what?	Dad gave me a doll .
Tv P.	By whom?	You can play with a doll .
Suggestion P.	About who about what?	Just talking about the new doll .

The dashed line represents any noun and pronoun as a complement. Let's try to replace the word "doll" with the pronoun: "Only to talk, what about her."

Management model and grammar signs of additions. As the pronoun is emphasized. The communicative role of complement. Structural features

The grammatical features of the complement are its controllability in terms of morphology and syntax. In order to determine the type of emphasis of the supplement, it is enough to see the first two levels of the hierarchical model of the proposal. The main informative function of the supplement is to show the possibilities of the predicate, its many meanings. The main communicative role of the supplement is to be a component of the goal of the message. A single grammatical basis may include several additions. In structure, the complement can be simple, analytical (including composite), combined single and complex single.

A simple addition is expressed:

• The pronoun: “I meet her” (as the pronoun is emphasized in the role of each member of the sentence, we have already figured it out).
• In his own name: "The chief called Petrov."
• A syntactically seamless combination: "Zadornov amusedly ridiculed the United States."
• A common noun with the definition: "Reputed as a great original."

Structural features of analytical, combined and complex additions. Direct addition

An analytical supplement is expressed:

• a combination of “service word + significant addition”: “I hope for success”;
• a combination of “semi-official word + full-valued”: “the fact of non-involvement”, “sort of wine”;
• phraseological combination: "the conflagration is overgrown with Ivan da Maria."

The combined single supplement is expressed:

• Two morphological additions: "gave me a ring"; "Asked for hands and hearts."
• A written wording of two or more additions: “Sherochka with Masherochka - do not spill water for a couple”; (before the subject is emphasized, the predicate is determined, expressed by the noun).
• Quantitative group: “spent so much time”; “Serve a glass of water”; "Love of three oranges."

A comprehensive single supplement is expressed:

• group "noun + infinitive + adverb": "ask the insolent to get away";
• a group of versatile nouns, pronouns: "considered the king a tyrant"; “They called her a witch”;
• an additional clause: “he believed that everything would work out” (he believed what, in what?).

One predicate may include several additions that observe a certain hierarchy among themselves. The main addition takes a direct position relative to the predicate, which is determined by the role case or order. Other additions are considered indirect. When parsing sentences with a comprehensive single complement, it is necessary to distinguish how the infinitive verb is emphasized as a complement (dashed) and how - as a predicate (double dash).

Function definitions and questions to which it answers. Definitional parts of speech

Definition indicates an item attribute

Parts of speech	Definition Examples
noun	The river (which?) Volga has always attracted tourists.
adjective	The majestic (what?) Monument "Motherland is calling!" is the emblem of Volgograd.
adverb	The answer (what?) Offhand is sometimes more accurate than thoughtful conclusions.
participle	The unbeliever (what?) Thomas is one of the biblical characters.
participial	A messenger (what?), Exhausted from a long run , fell in front of the king.
phraseological phrase	The hero (what?) From the pot of half a quarter the top was not at all embarrassed.
infinitive	Time (what?) To harvest.

After verification, the question “attracted” ( how? ) The predicate is “attracted” by a double line and only then the adverb “always” is emphasized with a dash-dot line. Questions like ?, which? determine the level of minor members. Circumstances explain the reason, indicate the place, explain the goal, set the time, characterize the target variants of the predicate, the direction of action. They are expressed by a noun, adverb or pronoun, emphasized by a dot-dash (dot-dash). The word "Volga", like the definitions in italics in each example, is underlined by a wavy line. Each of these definitions broadens the concept of quality of the subject, but in general they are completely different parts of speech or speech turns.

Questions establishing a symptom of circumstance. Management model and case control. How comparative turnover is emphasized

Circumstances and questions to which they answer

Types of circumstances	Questions	Examples
image action being taken	How, how?	Take care of the honor from a young age.
places	Where, where, where?	Uncle Yegor rides from behind the mountains.
time	When, for how long, since when, until what time?	And we escorted each other to third cocks.
causes	Why, why?	Because you just smiled at me.
the goals	Why, for what, for what purpose?	Find out how circumstances are emphasized.

The circumstance management model reflects:

• its syntactic dependence on the predicate with reliance on cases;
• the lexical connection of the control word and circumstances.

Analysis based on case control helps to more accurately establish the role of a minor member: "Tanya walked quickly." Here, "quick steps" is equivalent to the concept of "fast", therefore, is a circumstance (how?), And not an addition (what?). At the initial analysis, the phrase "quick steps" is emphasized with a dash-dot line. The lexical connection is more associative, it helps to find exact combinations of words, guided by the style of presentation, special terminology, personal active dictionary. The most characteristic methods of compiling phrases are the methods of contrasting, juxtaposing, identity and homogeneity.

Principles and signs of homogeneity. Homogeneous members of the proposal

Homogeneous members can become:

• Common: "Vorobyshek winked, fell on one foot, worked as a syncope, in a word, was rude."
• Not common: "The lady tried on a shoe and was sad."

To understand the principle of homogeneity of the minor members of a sentence, consider an example: “Here you receive packages and send letters. We forgot how nice it is to send and receive letters. How many unwritten, unheard, kind and beautiful words are kept in the memory of the soul! ”

1. Select homogeneous members:

• circumstances of the predicate expressed by the infinitive: to receive and send ;
• definitions of the subject expressed by verbal adjectives: unwritten, unheard ;
• definitions of the subject expressed by adjectives: good and beautiful .
• two additions of one predicate expressed by a noun: parcels, letters .

2. Group the members according to the level of subordination with the main word according to the question to which they equally answer.

3. We establish their functions (mode of action, sign or distribution);

4. We determine how homogeneous members are emphasized, and conclude that they:

• They are the answer to one common question for them;
• most often serve one member in a sentence;
• transmit the meaning of the same sentence member;
• underlined equally.

An exception is two circumstances of one predicate. These are sometimes different parts of the speech: "He walked slowly, shuffling slightly on the go."

• walked (how?) slowly - an adverb in the role of a circumstance of time (emphasized by a dash-dot line);
• walked (how?) shuffling - the participle from the verb "shuffle" in the role of the circumstances of the action (dash-dot).

Submission levels. Homogeneous and heterogeneous circumstances and definitions. The lexical units of the adjective

Group of homogeneous members:

• Homogeneous circumstances, regardless of lexical affiliation,
  correspond to one question: " Despite the difficult time, the wedding was widely walked , in two villages, by the bride and the groom."
  
  Walked (how?): Despite - a derivative preposition; broadly - an adverb; two , a numeral.
• Homogeneous ranks of members of different levels of subordination: " The moon came up and illuminated ( what? ) The whole forest , its pine trees, paths and hidden corners ." The proposal has a number of homogeneous predicates (level of subordination to the subject) and a number of additions to the second predicate (level of subordination of the predicate).
• More than one addition may adjoin the predicate. As emphasized, heterogeneous circumstances examine the subject from different angles: “The wedding was walked in a rustic way, merrily , in an urban way sparingly .”
• Homogeneous definitions characterize the word according to one feature: "Foliage is red, lit in the sun."
• Heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different lexical categories (qualitative, possessive, relative): " dear sable overseas murderer."

Types of revolutions. Comparative turnover

Comparative turnover may mean:

• Sign: "Balda, his own head , circled the priest around his finger" ( What balda ? ).
• Circumstances: "He, as in an enchanted circle , wandered in his memories" (wandered how? ).
• Supplement: “To fall like a stone into water ” (to fall like what? ).

The circumstance may play the role of circumstance: “This admiration, returning again and again , developed in his mind into a touching worship of the metaphor for which the Russian language was famous.” How emphasis is added and circumstance, you can determine, starting from the predicate "outgrew":

• addition (underlined by a dotted line): (grew into what?) into worship ;
• circumstance (emphasized by the dash-dotted line): (outgrew how?) returning .

Comparative turnover most often acts as an enhancement of a definition or circumstance: “as light as a dream ” (as easy as “how much?”); “ Send you only for death ” (“where?” In the sense of superlatives). In these examples the comparative revolution is emphasized by the wavy line as a definition ( like a dream ), by the dot-and-dot line as a circumstance ( after death ).

The unity of the decline of comparative turnover and additions - the object of comparison

Comparative turnover likens to each other phenomena or objects on a basis common to them. Strengthening or reducing the value of the complement with the help of comparative turnover requires to incline and emphasize it in the same way as the complement is emphasized. Definition The type of underlining sometimes requires not only analysis of the sentence, but also an understanding of the subtext of the turnover. As a result of the comparison, the properties of the object under discussion are updated: “What will you become: a creator, a fire giving, or a little warm place on Earth”? There are revolutions: “giving fire” and “warm” - additions to the word “creator”, although they are opposed to each other in meaning. Therefore, each of these parts of the phrase is underlined with a dotted line.

Types of comparisons:

• with the help of unions, as if, exactly, as if, "cold as ice";
• with the help of the instrumental case of the noun: "scattered with beads ";
• non-union, with compound nominal predicates: “My children are my strength and hope ”;
• denying: "grief is not trouble ."

Only the dominant member in the turnover decides how the comparative turnover as a whole is emphasized. This is also evident in the question to which he answers most precisely.

1. The turnover-definition, based on a noun in the name:

• An inconsistent definition for the infinitive: "bristle like a beast" (how to bristle?).
• An agreed definition added to the reference word of the turn itself: “He felt confident, happy, as if re-born person” (what?); “And even the poplar stood frozen, as if on duty on the clock” (what kind of poplar?).

2. A circumstance-circumstance based on a part of speech in an indirect case: “He sang a song familiar from childhood, deeply, seriously. How her father sang ”(sang how, how?).

Unlike the relative clause, this turnover does not contain a grammatical basis and does not affirm anything by itself.

In what cases the union of "how" is emphasized. The question is "what"? Underlining unions, particles, words on duty in revolutions

1. The “how” union introduces a comparison element into the proposal.

2. The comparative turnover or subordinate sentence of comparison with the union of “how” is emphasized by a wavy line, as a definition.

3. The “how” union can add subordinate clauses of other types as well: “Take a look how calm the sea ​​is today” (how calm = how calm);

4. Turnovers with the “how” union, in addition to comparison, carry the burden of supplementing the circumstances of the reason: “The face burned from the frost, as from a burn ”:

• circumstance - "burned (how?) as if from a burn ";
• addition - "burned (from what?) from frost to the degree of burn "; comparative turnover is an identical complement; as the combination “ from the frost ” is emphasized, so the circulation “ as from a burn ” must be emphasized - the dotted line.

5. The question "what?" refers to the instrumental case, the addition responds to it: “What caused such attention?” The pronoun “what” is underlined with a dotted line.

6. If at first glance it is difficult to determine whether a comparative turnover belongs to a circumstance, it is replaced by a substantive case or an adverb - the meaning of the statement should not be distorted.

7. It is necessary to pay attention to particles, unions, words inherent in revolutions ( simply, precisely, perfectly, sort of, as if ). Each of these elements helps to achieve a certain degree of comparison.

8. Together with the particle “not”, the union “how”, the members of the proposal to which they relate are emphasized.