Non-woven materials are a special type of cloth made without the use of flat weave technology. There are many types of such products to date, as well as methods for their manufacture. The wide and scope of the material of this variety. Most often, non-woven fabric is used in construction and agriculture, as well as when sewing clothes.
A bit of history
The first non-woven material was made in the second half of the 19th century in the United States. The first canvases of this variety were made from synthetic fibers bound together by starch. This material, called Pellon, did not receive much distribution in the 19th century. It began to be used quite widely only during the Second World War. The Americans used it to make camouflage products.
In the 70s of the last century, pellon was first used in agriculture as a covering material. At the moment, it is used on 30% of the agricultural area of the EU countries. In the USSR, such material was produced in very small quantities and was used mainly in the clothing industry. It was widely distributed in our country only in the 90s. Now it is produced by many Russian companies. For example, a very high-quality product of this type is produced by the Podolsk factory of non-woven materials "World", founded in 2000.
Density
Non-woven material can be made in different ways, have unequal thickness, appearance and purpose. However, the main characteristic of such paintings in most cases is strength. The latter, in turn, depends on the surface density of the material. This parameter in different purpose groups can range from 10-600 g / m 2 . So, for example:
The nonwoven weaving material usually has a density of 235-490 g / m 2 .
For needle-punched fabric, this indicator is 210 g / m 2 .
The density of fabric-stitched materials is 216-545 g / m 2 .
Flizelin has a surface density of 90-110 g / m 2 .
For thread-piercing webs, this figure is 63-310 g / m 2 .
The density of the non-woven glued material is 40-330 g / m 2 .
Blades of this type can be produced mechanically or by glue. The basis of any such material is a canvas made of natural and synthetic fibers stacked in rows. To obtain a fibrous structure, such a web is combed.
Mechanical production methods
Bonding the basis of non-woven material according to this technology is carried out using additional threads. By mechanical means, for example, canvas-piercing materials are made. In this case, the base fibers are fastened together by flashing them with threads. When applying needle-punched technology, the canvas-forming elements are previously mixed up. As a result, a rather dense canvas is obtained. To give greater strength it is stitched with thick threads. At the same time, they use special tools with notches. Needle-punched method of manufacturing paintings is currently the most popular. This technology is used by every nonwoven fabric factory.
Threading materials are made by passing the warp with one or more fiber systems. Such a canvas differs from canvas-stitching primarily in appearance. The material of this group is similar to terry cloth.
On sale today there are also fabric-sewn cloths made mechanically. This variety is produced on a very light basis also by flashing it with a pile of thread system. Such canvases can be both smooth and terry.
Adhesive nonwovens manufacturing
This technology is used in the manufacture of most varieties of non-woven materials. The bonding of fibers in the canvas in this case is done by impregnating them with various kinds of adhesive compositions. Most often, synthetic latex is used for processing. Another common technology is hot pressing. In this case, the fibers are glued together with thermoplastics at a very high temperature.
Sometimes the oldest technology is also used for the production of nonwoven glued materials - on paper machines. It was with the use of such equipment that pellon was produced in America. In this case, the binder can be introduced either directly into the mass entering the machine, or already into the finished web.
Using Canvas
Such non-woven material is characterized by large thickness, massiveness and friability. Its main advantage is its high heat-shielding properties. Canvas stitches are very dense and wear-resistant materials that can cause significant shrinkage. They are most often used as lining in the manufacture of clothing. Also, sometimes they are used as a basis in the manufacture of artificial leather.
Where is needle-punched material used?
Due to the porous structure, this group of paintings also has good heat-shielding properties. In addition, the advantages of such a material include resistance to washing and dry cleaning. Use needle-punched fabrics usually in the manufacture of carpets and floor coverings. Like canvas stitching, they are also used for the manufacture of lining for coats, jackets and fur coats. However, in the latter case, needle-punched non-woven material usually has to be additionally impregnated with adhesive compositions. The fact is that his fibers are quite rigid, and therefore, in a free state, they can penetrate the upper fabric of clothing and spoil its appearance.
It is in the needle-punched way that the most widespread non-woven material, dornite, is also made. Geotextiles are used when arranging drainage systems, breaking down lawns, building foundations, etc. Also, the needle-punched method is sometimes used to produce the most popular type of covering material for greenhouses and greenhouses - spunbond. However, more often this type of fabric is still made by the adhesive method (hot pressing).
The use of thread and fabric stitches
Both of these varieties are also quite in demand in industry. The main advantage of thread-piercing cloths is variety in appearance. In this way, both very thin translucent materials and massive furniture can be produced. Costumes, evening dresses, casual wear, scarves, napkins made of non-woven material are often made using this technology.
The advantages of fabric-stitched materials is a stable structure and hygiene. By such an indicator as wear resistance, they surpass all other types of non-woven materials. Use this fabric mainly for sewing bathrobes and beach suits.
Where are adhesive sheets used?
Most often, such a non-woven material is made from a mixture of cotton and nylon fibers. It is usually used when sewing clothes. For example, it is inserted into collars, straps and slots to give the latter rigidity. Materials made on paper machines are most often used for the production of various kinds of dressing medical materials.
As you can see, the scope of non-woven fabrics in our time is really very wide. Their excellent operational characteristics make them indispensable for sewing many types of clothing, growing plants, installing drainage systems, etc. The production technologies of such materials are not particularly difficult, and therefore their cost is usually low. This is mainly due to the extraordinary popularity of this variety of paintings.