An adverb is one of the significant (independent) parts of speech, which serves to describe the property (or attribute, as it is called in grammar) of an object, action or other property (i.e., attribute).
Features
If an adverb is adjacent to a verb or to participle, it describes the property of an action. If it is used together with an adjective or participle, then it characterizes the property of the attribute, and if the adverb is combined with the noun, it denotes the property of the object.
“How, when, where and why? Where and where? Why, how much and how much? ” - these are the questions that the dialect answers.
He does not have the ability to change the grammatical form, so it is interpreted as an unchanging part of speech. An adverb has two morphological features - it forms groups associated with different meanings, and in some cases has degrees of comparison.
Value groups
There are six main semantic groups of adverbs.
- Adverbs to which you can ask “how?” how? ”are referred to as action words. They describe how, in what way and in what way the action takes place. Examples: talking (how?) In a friendly way; ride (how?) on horseback; refusing (how?) flatly.
- Words that answer when? how long? How long? from what time? ”refer to the group of adverbs of time. They indicate the time of the action. Examples: leaving (when?) Tomorrow; walks (until when?) until late; has been (since when?) long since.
- The adverbs of the place include words that answer the questions “where?” where from? where to?". They describe exactly where the action takes place. Examples: move (where?) Forward; come back (from where?) from far away; flowing (where?) below.
- To the question “why?” answer adverbs of reason. They indicate the reason for the action. Examples: stumbled upon an angle (for what reason?) Sobly; shouted (why?) in a rage.
- To the question “why?” answer with adverbs with the meaning of the goal. They describe why, for what purpose the action is performed. Examples: lost (why?) Intentionally; spilled water (for what purpose?) to spite me.
- The category of adverbs with the value of degree and measure expresses to what extent the process is manifested. And these adverbs have the same questions - “to what extent? how much? what time? to what extent? ” Examples: spoke (to what extent?) Too self-confidently; heard (how much?) a lot of news; ate (to what extent?) satiety.
Degrees of comparison
Adverbs can be formed from different parts of speech. Those of them that are formed from high-quality adjectives have degrees of comparison.
- The comparative degree is, in turn, simple when its form is formed by the suffix method, and composite when the adverb is comparatively formed using the words “less” or “more”. Here are some examples:
- simple form: slowly - slower, brighter - brighter, finer - finer, etc .;
- compound form: sonorous - more sonorous, solemn - less solemn.
- An excellent degree of high-quality adverbs is formed by adding to the neutral word the lexemes “most” and “least”, for example: “This performance most successfully demonstrates my oratory”.
- In some cases, a superlative degree is obtained by combining a comparative degree with the pronouns “all,” “all,” for example: “I jumped above all.” “Most of all he liked Beethoven’s music.”
- Some dialects of superlative and comparative degree have a different root: many - more - more than all; bad - worse - worst of all, etc.
Syntactic role
An adverb is a language category that plays the role of a minor member in a sentence - circumstances. Less commonly, it acts as a definition or noun phrase of a predicate. Consider these cases.
- "Anna ascended the steps (how?) Solemnly." In this sentence, an adverb is a circumstance.
- "They gave us soft-boiled eggs (what?) And meat (what?) In French." In this case, adverbs fulfill the mission of determining (inconsistent).
- "Your gift (what did you do?) Came in handy." In this case, an adverb is a nominal part of a compound predicate. A verb without it cannot be perceived here as a full-fledged predicate.
Spelling Adverbs
What letter should an adverb end in? How not to make a mistake with her choice? There is an algorithm.
- We highlight the prefix in the word.
- If we have the prefix na, za-, b-, then at the end of the word we write the letter o . (Examples: I tightened the nut tightly; I came home before daylight; turn left.)
- If the adverb begins with the prefix, then at the end of the word we begin to write y .
- (Examples: birds sing in the morning; I come to my senses little by little.)
- If this is the prefix c-, do-, of- , then at the end of the word we write the letter a . (I’m sitting on the right; I’ll wash the window clean; I re-read this book from time to time.) There are exceptions: smalu, youth, soslyap .
However, it must be remembered that if an adverb comes from a noun or adjective that already has this prefix in the word , then at the end of the adverb we will write the letter o . Example: pass the exam ahead of schedule (adverb from the adjective early).
At the end, after hissing in an adverb, we will write a soft sign: it was completely covered with clouds; rushed to jump; go away. Exceptions are found only in the word "unbearable" and in the word "married" - here hissing remain without a soft sign.
Hyphen and adverb
What will help determine whether or not to write a word with a hyphen? Remember the following rule: through a hyphen we write words that
- They came from pronouns and adjectives with the prefixes po- and suffixes - to him, th, -and . Examples: it will be in my opinion; to disperse kindly; speak your own way.
- They came from the numerals with the participation of the prefix - () and the suffixes -th , -ih : firstly, thirdly.
- Arisen through the participation of the prefix of some or the suffixes , something, ever, either . Examples: There is something for you; someone asked you; someday you will remember; if a fire happens somewhere.
- By adding together related or repeating words: happened a long time ago; move barely.
Finally
Colorful and expressive Russian language. The adverb plays one of the main roles in this, providing our speech with expressive and juicy details. The dialect is fraught with many secrets and, according to linguists, is still in development.