Machine classification: types, application, device

The classification of machines involves the division of these devices into some groups. Most of them are designed for processing workpieces by grinding, trimming or drilling. In addition, these devices do an excellent job with wood, textolite, plastic and other inorganic materials. Some models are designed for processing glass and ceramics. Let us consider in more detail the features and characteristics of the specified equipment.

Machine classification

These devices are divided into several main groups:

1. Turning modifications. They are designed for processing rotary workpieces. A single factor in the generalization of these tools is considered to be the cutting of a part during its rotation.
2. Boring machines. This group also includes boring models. They are designed to process metal and other parts by drilling holes in them of the required diameter and length. In horizontal boring versions, this operation can be performed by moving the desktop with the workpiece.
3. The grinding group combines machines that use special nozzles (abrasive wheels of different specifications and diameters) as the working body.
4. Polishing and lapping machines. The classification and purpose of these devices is focused on finishing workpieces with abrasive powders, tapes, pastes.

Other groups

Gear units are included in the category of machines used for processing grinding and other teeth. The class of milling manipulators uses mills of various configurations and diameters as cutting tools.

Planing versions are summarized by one common attribute: the process is performed by the method of rectilinear reciprocating motion. Another specific category is the cutting and sawing of rolled billets (channels, corners, similar materials). Also in the classification of machines, the following variations are distinguished:

• extended models that use a multi-blade tool (broach);
• versions aimed at processing threaded joints and its manufacture;
• auxiliary units, including most of the options that have the above devices.

Indexes and numbering in the classification of lathes

In the Soviet Union, a single system of symbols was practiced. According to the standards of an experimental research institute, each group of machines was divided into a similar number of subgroups.

The table below shows the main parameters.

Features

From the specified classification of machines, it can be understood that the units are combined by alphanumeric designations. The combination includes numbering, as such, in the following sequence:

1. The first digit indicates the group to which the product belongs.
2. The second digit is the type of equipment.
3. The following numbers determine the conditional size in decimeters.
4. Model 162 (A, B, K) have an indicator of up to 1200 rpm.
5. Simplified modifications of type 682 and 612 are made on the basis of an improved machine of the second dimension. The most advanced machine tool unit is identified as model 2620.

Classification of Milling Machines

Speed ​​parameters are calculated by the formula:

V = Dn / 1000, where D is the diameter and n is the rotational speed of the cutter. A thousand revolutions - the speed of movement of the table relative to the working tip. The cutter feed is indicated by the letter S, taking into account the frequency and dependence of processing, in terms of one revolution. Feed Dependence:

• Z is the number of teeth.
• T is the depth of cut.
• T / min - removable thickness in width and thickness in millimeters.

Milling can be carried out in the opposite way to feed the cutter, or with the coincidence of the feed of the working element and the rotation of the working platform.

Versatility and accuracy

The classification of metalworking machines is sometimes determined by the degree of their universality:

• Instances customized to a wide range of sizes. For this group, several categories of operations are possible.
• Production of parts according to one type (different-sized parts of the cores, shafts and other structures of the same configuration, but varying in size).
• Individual elements manufactured according to the standard template with different overall dimensions.
• Special options for performing specific manipulations.

Milling cutters

In the classification of milling machines a separate place is given to cantilever-horizontal and universal units. These modifications allow you to process horizontal and vertical surfaces at any angle, and on the "station wagon" with a rotary table, it is possible to mill screw and gear parts with maximum accuracy. Extend the technological operations of these machines with all kinds of nozzles as unified heads and other devices.

Cantilever modifications differ from vertical-horizontal versions in that they are equipped with a table rotation about its own axis. Multifunctional devices are provided with a special trunk on the core, which aggregates with the spindle head and other structural elements. On such equipment, operations are carried out for the processing of cast iron, steel, non-ferrous metals. The cantilever is located on vertical guiding elements that hold the slide with a longitudinal plate and corresponding parts that serve for horizontal processing of the material.

Automation

According to the degree of accuracy, the classification of machines is displayed as follows:

• "N" is a normal indicator.
• “P” is an increased accuracy parameter.
• "B" is a high-precision machine.
• “A” is an aggregate with particularly high accuracy characteristics.
• "C" - professional super-precise machines.

For example, the marking 16-K-20P indicates that the classification of machine tools for metal of this type indicates its increased accuracy.

Automation

The devices under consideration are divided into autonomous and semi-automatic samples. In the last units, the fastening of the blanks and their subsequent removal is performed by the operator. The classification of CNC machines implies their operation autonomously, with the supply and dismantling of parts by flexible production modules.

The unit numbers are shown below:

• F-1 - digital indication with preliminary selection of coordinates.
• F-2 - a system with a positional control configuration.
• F-3 - contour group.
• F-4 - a universal design in terms of control.

Numbering and Mass

The classification of drilling machines includes their separation by weight. The equipment in question is distinguished by this factor in this way:

1. Weight up to one ton - lightweight units.
2. Up to 10 tons are average.
3. Heavy - up to 16 tons.
4. Large - up to 30 tons.
5. Particularly heavy - up to 100 tons.

The classification of grinding machines and their analogues is determined by an alphanumeric code. This index indicates the belonging of the tool to a specific group, as well as the limiting dimensions of the workpieces and drilling diameters. Equipment of the same size but with different parameters is characterized by a letter placed between the first and second digit. For example, models 162 and 1K62 differ in speed. The first version has 600 rotations per minute, the second - 2000. In addition, machines can be distinguished by the last letter at the end of the defining index. The basic modification of the horizontal milling machine is 6N82, the simplified version is 6N82G.

In some sizes, the numbering indicates the purpose of the apparatus and the classification by the fourth digit. For example, the horizontal boring machine 262 has an improved version 2620. Such identification makes it possible to easily identify the necessary equipment in special catalogs, as well as select the appropriate spare parts.

Main categories

The turret turning unit has a horizontal swivel head. On the skeleton there is a frontal headstock with a speed box, as well as a spindle with a cam of a revolving type. The movement is transmitted using a running shaft and a bar feed mechanism.

The single-column turning and rotary machine functions by installing the workpiece on the faceplate. Traverse is located on vertical guides. The movement from the gearbox is transformed by moving the caliper with the cutting holder of the revolving configuration.

The classification of lathes with two racks provides more calipers. In this case, the second supporting element can be mounted on the second rack, the gearbox is mounted in the lower part of the housing.

The multi-cutter equipment is equipped with a bed with a headstock, gearbox and spindle. The design includes several calipers, two front blocks and one rear counterpart. The longitudinal movement of the part is provided by interchangeable wheels and a guitar that determines the magnitude of the working feeds. Guide elements are mounted on the tailstock.

Turning-occipital versions practically do not differ from screw-cutting models. The headstock with the spindle is located on the bed. An occipital caliper with a cutting holder and an apron is mounted on guides and adjusting parts. In addition, the tailstock, spindle and shaft are included in the design.

Frontal aggregates differ from metal-working "brothers" in that they do not have a tailstock. In front is a speed box with a spindle and a fixed faceplate. The bed is located transversely on a separate plate with a cutting holder and a caliper.