There is a common belief that each person must have a certain (minimum or basic) amount of knowledge in each of the school subjects. Someone supports this position, while someone firmly insists that each person has the right to independently choose what to study. One way or another, there is a spelling minimum - something that is useful for every Russian-speaking person to know. What this is, why this minimum is needed, and how it can be useful in the life of each of us - you will learn in this article. Also in this material highlights some of the most difficult to write spelling Russian language.
Like for everyone
What is the spelling minimum, well-known citizens of the USSR. The party obliged all adult illiterate people to learn writing and reading, because acquaintance with the agitation published in the press was a necessity for the revolution. Thus, the level of education of the population increased (although not to the full extent). The spelling minimum was studied in each locality, where there were more than 15 illiterate residents. If there were more illiterates, then a school (liquidation center) was opened in the village, in which children and adults studied for several months. Upon completion of training, students who received the document could consider themselves literate people.
Spelling minimum these days
For schoolchildren in our time, the question of knowing the spelling minimum is also relevant, as well as for peasants in the early twentieth century. All students are required to undergo state certification - uniform examinations in the ninth and eleventh grades. The spelling minimum of the Unified State Examination is what every student must know for successful exams, which, in turn, allows young people to go to colleges, vocational technical schools, universities and other educational institutions. Minimal spelling rules contain textbooks, special collections that offer students to learn complex words.
Learning technology
It is noteworthy that children are taught from the first grade to know the spelling minimum. At the end of each textbook on the Russian language there is always a series of vocabulary words that are offered for memorizing students from first to fifth grade. In order for the basic rules of Russian spelling to be remembered faster and more efficiently, teachers regularly conduct vocabulary and other types of dictations, checking how students possess accumulated knowledge. Usually additional tasks are attached to such dictations.
USE: what should everyone know?
Spelling minimum is a set of rules that allows people to write correctly. A competent writing is the most important part of the exam. The main spelling rules that can be used by the compilers of the exam:
- spelling of vowels and consonants in various parts of the word;
- merged and separate spelling of words;
- spelling words with a hyphen;
- rules for writing complex words;
- wrap words from one line to another.
Each of the graduates should be prepared for the fact that the structure of the exam in the Russian language is the solution of test items with an increasing level of complexity, as well as writing essays and discussions on the chosen topic with arguments, the source of which can be personal experience or literary works (the latter preferred). The tasks of the first part include the spelling minimum. Determining the level of literacy is a simple process to test your readiness for writing an exam, a few hours of training per day is enough.
For foreigners
What is the spelling minimum, it is useful to know every foreign citizen who wants to obtain Russian citizenship. Knowledge of the basic foundations of the Russian language is a mandatory criterion for obtaining citizenship. According to Russian law, a migrant must apply to a government body from the list of existing ones for passing an exam in the Russian language (this can also be private specialized centers). After passing the exam, the migrant receives a certificate. At the exam it is necessary not only to know what the spelling minimum is, but also to master the basic foundations of the political system, the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as some aspects of the country's history. Exemption from exams may include:
- a certificate of basic education obtained in one of the countries of the former republics of the USSR;
- presence of a certificate of education issued to a migrant in the Russian Federation according to the results of state final certification.
Some Consonant Spelling Rules
Of course, it is impossible to learn all the rules of the Russian language, because they have a huge number of all kinds of exceptions, which also need to be remembered. What is the spelling minimum, you can find out from specialized methodological collections.
Particular attention should be paid to words with unpronounceable consonants, it is easiest to make a mistake in them if you do not use the verification word method. For example, the word "sun". In order not to forget to write the unpronounceable consonant "l", it is necessary to choose a test word - "sunny".
There are such phenomena in the Russian language as the voicing and stunning of consonants. An example of the spelling rule “stunning a consonant at the end of a word” is the word “oak”; if you say it out loud, you will hear du [n]. To check the spelling of this word, you need to put it in the plural form - "oaks". An example of voicing a consonant is the word "request." You hear "pro [s] fate." To check the spelling, you need to remember that there is the verb "ask", the sound "c" is clearly heard in it. This word is a test word in this situation.
Spelling of vowels in Russian
Doubts in writing often cause
vowels. Unstressed is easy to verify by selecting a test word, but there are those words that are called vocabulary and are included in the spelling minimum of the Russian language, they must be learned from childhood.
Of particular note are the alternating vowels in the roots of the words: “ber-bir”, “der-deer”, “ter-tier” and others. If there is a suffix “a” after the root, then you need to write the letter “and”, and if not, “e”. There are exceptions to this rule - these are the words "marriage", "phrase", "couple" and others.
Every literate person should know such spelling as the spelling of vowels at the end of adverbs (as well as suffixes) and prepositions. The most common mistake related to the spelling of vowels is to spell them in the prefixes “pre-”, “pri-”, and “not-” “neither-”. To understand which prefix to write in a particular case, knowledge of the meaning of this part of the word will help. So, the prefix “pri-” means approaching, joining or incomplete action. The prefix "pre-" can be used in the meaning of "very" (beautiful means very beautiful), to indicate the termination of an action, etc.
Merged, separate and hyphenated
The basic rule of the Russian language regarding continuous / separate writing of service parts of speech (prepositions) and parts of a word is set forth below.
Prepositions and other auxiliary parts of speech are written with words separately, for example, under the house.
Prefixes and suffixes are written together, as they are an integral part of the word - a morpheme, for example, the word "pallet".
Particles are hyphenated with the words to which they refer. For example, "once"; "She is going somewhere!".
Adverbs with the prefix "po" ending in "ohm", "him", "ski", "ki" are also written with a hyphen. Examples:
- differently;
- still;
- like a friend;
- foolishly.
Introductory words that are written at the beginning of a sentence and separated by commas are also written with a hyphen. For example, "firstly," "secondly," "thirdly."
Difficulties in writing often cause derivative prepositions. They can be written both together and separately with the prefix. For example, "keep in mind", "due to fire", etc. Such words are best memorized. There are prepositions called "complex", they are written through a hyphen. For example, "a forest appeared from behind a house," "a kitten got out from under a fence."