This article will focus on adverbs and grammatical signs of adverbs. So, first you need to understand what constitutes an adverb.
An adverb, as a rule, is understood as an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign of a certain action, sign, state, less often - an object. Bright examples are the phrases verb-adverb: sleep soundly, love deeply, run fast, look to the right, etc.
Features
What role does an adverb play in a sentence? As for sentences, adverbs usually act as circumstances. Much less often in sentences you can find an adverb that acts as a definition. But this phenomenon occurs when an adverb is adjacent to a noun. Most often in sentences occur phrases verb-adverb.
Adverbs also exist in a number of other languages, but a little on other rights. For example, in German, an adverb is considered not to be an independent part of speech, but just a class of using adjectives. Or, in Japanese, an adverb is accepted as a special (circumstantial) form of the name of the adjective.
An adverb most often adjoins a verb: to love a lot. But it is worth noting that it can also join the adjective: fast enough; and even to another dialect: very clever. Less common are cases of using adverbs with nouns: soft-boiled egg. In this case, adverbs already act as an inconsistent definition.
It is important to note that this part of the speech has a number of grammatical signs of adverbs, which will be discussed later in the article.
The meaning of adverbs and their categories. Adverbial and definitive adverbs
According to their meaning, adverbs can be divided into four types:
It is important to note that adverbial adverbs most often adjoin such a part of speech as a verb and characterize: reason, purpose, place, time of a certain action. In accordance with the foregoing, the following adverbial adverbs are distinguished: adverbs of time; adverbs of the place; adverbs of reason; adverbs of purpose.
Definitive adverbs can relate not only to a verb, but also to a noun, to any other adverb. They characterize the subject from different angles. Among these adverbs distinguish:
- high-quality, which indicate a qualitative sign of a certain subject: scary, fast, sad;
- adverbs of measure and degree: a lot, a little, triple;
- adverbs of the method and mode of action: step, run, for sure.
Predicative and modal adverbs
Predicative adverbs form a special group and express a state. As a rule, in impersonal sentences they act as a predicate. Such adverbs can indicate the state of animate objects: fun, sad, ashamed; on the state of the environment: hot, cool, windy, stuffy, etc. It is important to note that predicative adverbs do not explain any words. They are combined with a bunch, and sometimes with an infinitive.
As regards modal dialects, the situation here is somewhat different. After all, in fact, they do not express a specific meaning. They only give the proposal or its individual member a special modal connotation, which is expressed in: probability, statement, possibility or impossibility, etc. For example: perhaps, no doubt, of course, probably, etc.
This topic is not particularly difficult for native speakers of the Russian language. Because intuitively, we already apply it quite correctly. It remains only to study the terminology. But as for foreigners who study Russian as a foreign language, the situation here is much more complicated. And they will have to spend a lot of energy to master the topic of dialects.
How to recognize an adverb among other parts of speech?
The main grammatical sign of an adverb is immutability. That is, this part of the speech does not change in any way, does not bow or conjugate. This characteristic is considered a constant morphological trait.
But there is some exception. It is important to note that qualitative adverbs that end in -o, -e, formed from quality adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
A simple form of degree of comparison
As mentioned above, only those qualitative dialects that end in -o, have degrees of comparison. The degree of comparison helps to characterize the degree of manifestation of a particular sign expressed by the adverb. But the question arises: "when to write the letter" a ", and when" about "suffixes of adverbs?". It is necessary to pay attention to the prefixes of a certain dialect. There is a rule that says: if an adverb contains such prefixes as: from-, to-, with - , then it is necessary to write the letter "a". For example: long since, satiety, again, etc. But if the dialect begins with the prefixes: -, , -, then, as a rule, the letter "o" is written. For example: left, long, right, dark, etc.
It is important to note that the comparative degree has a simple and compound form. A simple form is formed by adding such suffixes as: -e, -she / -zhe, -e (s) . For example: colder (s); hot hot.
Words such as “good and bad” are, in some ways, exceptions in a non-standard simple comparative form. For example: good is better, bad is worse.
As for colloquial speech, in it quite often you can find the use of the prefix “po” for a comparative degree of simple form. For example: cheaper-cheaper; worse, worse; good, etc.
But sometimes it is difficult to distinguish where we have an adverb of a comparative degree, and where an adjective of a comparative degree. Therefore, there are some grammatical signs of an adverb. The table below will show the differences between an adverb and an adjective of a comparative form.
Simple comparative degree of adverb | Simple comparative degree of adjective name |
1. answers the questions how? how? | 1. in the sentence acts as a predicate |
2. indicates a sign of action | 2. answers what questions ? which one? which one? what kind? |
3. in the proposal acts as a circumstance | 3. designates an item attribute |
Compound form of the degree of comparison of adverbs
For the formation of the composite form of the degree of comparison, the addition of the word “more and less” to the adverbs in the initial form is responsible. For example: hot, hotter, cute, less cute, etc.
It is important to note that the composite form of comparison is most often found in comparative revolutions, for which the word “than” is characteristic. For example: Nina is more beautiful than Anton.
The composite form of the degree of comparison also includes the superlative degree, for which the designation of the greatest or smallest degree of manifestation of a particular attribute is characteristic.
It is important to note that adjectives have a simple superlative, but adverbs do not.
In general, there are two ways to formulate superlatives. The first is expressed in the addendum to the words "most or least." For example: He is the least suitable person for this position. The second method is manifested in addition to the simple comparative degree of the adverb of the words "all or all."
Types of Adverbs
It is worth paying attention to the fact that adverbs are interrogative, indefinite and negative.
Interrogative adverbs include: why, where, where, why, how, when.
Indefinite adverbs include: somewhere, somehow, once, here and there, etc.
The following words are negative: nowhere, no way, nowhere, never, etc.
Adverbs Exercises
To consolidate the topic given in the article, of course, it is necessary to perform exercises that allow applying the obtained theory in practice. For high-quality mastery of the topic, various test tasks, of which a huge amount is contained in textbooks, may well be suitable. You can also compose various sentences using adverbs.
Thus, using various exercises, you can firmly fix the studied topic.