A neoplasm in psychology is a change that occurs in a person’s life at a certain stage of his development. That is, at every age stage.
Early childhood
A neoplasm in psychology is a social change that determines a person’s consciousness, his external and internal life, and his attitude to the environment.
At a very young age, the child begins the development of objective activity and active speech. He also begins to learn the basics of "cooperation", game substitutions and the hierarchy of motives. On the basis of all this, independence is formed. This is the first mental neoplasm. And its earlier manifestation can be observed in the mastery of a child by a direct gait. A sense of mastery of his body gives him a sense of independence.
What follows next? The so-called crisis of three years. The child separates himself from others and begins to perceive himself as a person. He manifests negativism (acts contrary to the suggestions of adults), obstinacy (insists on what he demanded), obstinacy, self-will (attempts to prove his "I"), protests, rebellion. And often despotism.
School age
Age-related neoplasms in psychology is a very interesting topic. Especially if it concerns childhood - preschool and early student ages.
Studies conducted by the doctor of psychological sciences Elena Evgenievna Kravtsova proved that in the indicated periods the neoplasm is imagination. It is divided into three components. This relies on visibility, its own internal position and application of past experience.
Subsequently, in the learning process, another complex neoplasm is formed - the arbitrariness of actions. Its formation takes a lot of time. Since this requires the application of volitional actions, overcoming internal obstacles, improving semantic memory. At this age, the leading activity of the child is learning. And mastery of it is fully the main neoplasm of the school period.
Teenage years
A lot has been said about this stage. And with special attention I would like to note the information noted in the book under the name "Age Psychology" (Obukhova). The main psychological neoplasms of this period are of particular interest. Since age is critical, critical, transitional.
The book says that at this stage, people "grow" into the culture, into the spirit of the era in which adolescents exist. They are experiencing a kind of rebirth and in its course they acquire a new “I” - the main thing at that time was the neoplasm. In psychology, this is considered a stormy, sharp and even crisis course. The first stage of the teenage period is expressed in it.
The next step is characterized by smooth, gradual and slow growth, during which young people join in adulthood, but do not undergo serious and profound changes in their personality. And the third stage involves the formation of your "I", its "cut". And the accompanying self-education that flows through internal crises, worries and anxieties.
So, according to L. F. Obukhova, adolescent neoplasms of age in psychology are the emergence of reflection, the discovery of the “I”, the awareness of personal individuality, the formation of value orientations and worldviews. It is not surprising that this stage is considered to be the most difficult and important in the life of every person.
Conclusions A.V. Petrovsky
Arthur Vladimirovich was an outstanding Soviet psychologist. And he came to very interesting conclusions. He believed that a neoplasm in psychology is a phenomenon that occurs in a person’s life when he is integrated into certain social groups. And Petrovsky was right.
Throughout life, we continually engage in new social groups. School, university, work, sports sections, language courses - everywhere new groups await us, in each of which a person fits in through three stages.
The first is adaptation. A man is trying to be in the general mass and correspond to its features. The second stage involves individualization. At this stage, a person is already showing his "I", shows what he really is. And the third stage is the final integration - the personality merges into society, but at the same time remains itself.
Youth
Another important step. Also crucial, although not as much as teenage. But longer - it lasts from about 20 to 30 years.
In the first place, most are professional activities. What is right, since a person begins to acquire significance and value, using all his skills, intellectual resources and knowledge gained during training. Attempts to get a place under the sun and the status of a person with a capital letter are the main tumors at this moment.
Development Psychology considers the period of youth as a stage at which a person develops an individual life style, finds the final meaning of his existence, and builds a system of personal values. What the person was doing at this time often depends on who she will be in the future. Also during this period, intellectual development continues. The generally accepted opinion - youth is the most valuable stage in human life. Since during this period everyone is at the peak of their capabilities and can very well achieve solid heights if they use all the resources available to them.
Maturity
This is the longest period in a person’s life. There is no definite framework. The German psychologist Eric Homburger Erickson, for example, believes that maturity begins at the end of youth and lasts until 65 years. However, this is not important.
A psychological neoplasm is a concept in psychology for which there is no framework. These phenomena accompany us all our lives. And in the mature period, too.
This stage is the time of the full flowering of personality, when a person fulfills his life mission in all areas that are important to him. At this time, people usually get rid of unjustified youthful maximalism and come to the conclusion that it is best to approach problems with practicality and balance.
Problems
Naturally, few people do without a midlife crisis. At this moment, special neoplasms appear. People who did not have time or did not try, are dissatisfied with life. They understand that their plans diverged sharply from implementation. Internal stress builds up due to personal relationships. Those who have gotten children early are worried about their departure to an independent life. Some have close relatives dying. Many marriages break up at maturity. Often, it is at this stage that people become depressed.
But psychologists assure: it is impractical at this moment to lose heart. Since many people characterize maturity as a promising period at which many people successfully realize their potential, if they have a goal.
Neoplasms of old age
It is generally accepted that this period begins at 75 years. He is the final. And old age is a very complex psychosociobiological phenomenon. And the main neoplasm is a change in social status. Most old people cease to play a significant role. Their social world is narrowing. The vulnerability of the body increases. Some do not lose heart and try to have time to realize what they have not yet managed to bring to life. Others find hobbies and finally relax. Still others cannot find themselves and are quietly worried, immersed in the memories of their youth and themselves. They look at those who they were, experience memorable moments of youth. Only this often brings pain and the realization that it will never be like this: youth cannot be returned.
Therefore, psychologists advise finding a leading activity that would help make old age happy. This will be correct and fair in relation to oneself - the person most dear to life.