On an industrial scale, introducing tuki by hand is almost impossible. Therefore, fertilizer machines have been developed. Some of them are designed to feed the soil with organic matter, while others are used as a means of mechanization that can facilitate the application of mineral fertilizers. The equipment must ensure compliance with agricultural requirements for this agricultural technique.
Agrotechnical requirements for the application process
Fertilizer application machines must ensure a uniform process with synthetic tufts pellet diameters of up to 5 mm, and their number with less than 1 mm should not exceed 1%. Those of them that are mineral, should not have high humidity (allowed in the range of 1.5-15%). The dose of fertilizer should vary, because different crops and different soils require different standards. It should be between 50 and 1000 kg / ha.
Fertilizer seeders should distribute fertilizers more evenly than spreaders. Deviations in this indicator for the former should not exceed 15%, and for the latter - 25%.
With the help of organic fertilizer applicators, it may be necessary to add up to 100 t / ha of manure or compost, as well as liquid forms in the form of slurry and other fertilizers. The unevenness of their distribution along the length coincides with that when applying fertilizers with fertilizer seeders, and in width with spreaders.
The depth of embedment when using machines for subsoil fertilization should not deviate from the set by more than 15%. The time interval between spreading and embedding should be minimal when using organic fat (no more than 2 hours). In the case of using their mineral varieties, this interval increases to 12 hours.
When entering, untreated strips are not allowed, and therefore adjacent passages are blocked.
Classification of fertilizer applicators
All equipment intended for the implementation of the type of operations under consideration is divided according to its intended purpose to carry out such actions:
- preparation of fertilizers for spreading;
- their transportation;
- introduction of fat.
By the type of fertilizer applied, the equipment is divided into:
- introducing organic tuks;
- carrying out the application of mineral fertilizers.
Depending on the application technology, the following agricultural equipment is allocated to perform these types of work:
- Machines for applying liquid fertilizers.
- Those in relation to dusty tuks.
- Slurry and manure spreaders.
- Aircraft and centrifugal machines.
- Seeders with fertilizer machines.
The classification of fertilizer application machines provides for their division into mounted and trailed by the method of aggregation.
The introduction of mineral tuks
It can be carried out according to direct-flow (warehouse - field) and reloading (with a loading-and-transport vehicle wedging between them) schemes. Machines for applying mineral fertilizers are divided into those for solid and liquid fertilizers. The first of them are introduced according to the schemes described above. In addition to trailed and mounted units, there are their self-propelled varieties, for example, ESVM-7, in which there is a set of interchangeable units with which you can make both solid and liquid fertilizers.
When introducing liquid tuks, a third, transshipment, is added to the above two schemes. Initial technologies are complicated by the fact that fertilizer machines located in front of the “field” are wedged into the process.
Liquid mineral fertilizers are introduced using machines of the brands of the PZhU, OP-2000 family, ammonia is introduced using those of the ABA family, and its aqueous solution is POM-630. The latter and OP-2000 are machines for fertilizing and chemical plant protection.
Industrial solid fertilizer spreaders
They are of increased capacity, which are used when it is necessary to use increased fertilizer standards for working in gardens, in small areas, in mountainous areas.
The PTT-4.2A fertilizer seeder is used for making powder and granular forms. It is used in vegetable growing, fertilizing meadows, and feeding crops.
The following describes the design of fertilizer application machines using its example.
Sowing units are located under the fertilizer box. The plate is located partially under the bottom, and partially - behind the drawer. It is driven by a gear ring. Above it are dumpers, a scraper and a fertilizer guide.
Through the openings located at the bottom of the fertilizer box, fertilizer falls onto the plates, its dumpers are placed on the shields. The latter contribute to the distribution of fertilizing in the soil.
The necessary rate is established by shifting the gears in the gears and changing between the flaps and the clearance plates. Before sowing in the field, the dose is checked in stationary conditions, placing tarps under the fertilizer sowing machines. The adjustment is carried out according to the table, which is usually attached to the agricultural machine.
The plates are installed in such a way that between them and the bottom of the drawer there is a gap of 2-3 mm, preventing the fat from falling out, to prevent wear of the rubbing parts.
This seeder is able to sow up to 1100 kg of fertilizer per 1 ha. At the same time, they can be aggregated by 3-5 machines on powerful tractors, each of which has a fertilizer box with a capacity of 7000 kg.
Another machine for applying mineral fertilizers of a slightly different design is NRU-0.5. She has an uninterrupted process with the help of active disruptors. The metering device has two flaps. Between them and the bottom of the hopper there is a sowing bar, which with the help of oscillatory movements pushes the fertilizer through the slots. Tuki fall onto spreading discs that rotate in different directions. They are the last link in the fertilizer chain. A metal mesh is installed above the hopper to catch large lumps. The seeding rate is regulated by the dynamics of the amplitude of the oscillation of the strap and the size of the cracks.
Sieving width is up to 11 m, capacity - 400 l.
Another machine for applying solid mineral fertilizers is a spreader with a different application method - 1-RMG-4.
Its body rests on a running suspension device. On the floor of the first conveyor moves. On the back wall there is a dispenser with a shutter.
This spreader has a bead splitter, with which the fertilizer stream is divided into two parts, after which they enter the spreading discs rotating in opposite directions. It is possible to disperse up to 5 t / ha. This indicator is changed by adjusting the height of the metering flap and the speed of the conveyor. The rods that make up the latter should fit snugly to the body, sagging 1 cm below it on the other side.
The spread bandwidth is from 6 to 14 m.
For transportation and fertilizing, the RUM-8 machine and its modifications are used. It is a semitrailer in which there is a conveyor with spreaders. There is also a leveler in the back.
By means of a conveyor, fertilizers are fed to a metering unit having a shutter. Like other machines, tuka from the dispenser go to the fertilizer and discs rotating in the direction of each other.
The spreading width is 10-20 m. Fertilizers are monitored using a viewing window.
There are other machines for applying solid fertilizers. Their structure and principle of operation in many respects coincides with the considered brands.
Fat chopping equipment
There are also such units, in addition to machines for applying mineral fertilizers and for preparing them for this process. They are used if it is necessary to grind packed fat. For this, an ISU-4 machine is used, with which fertilizers are crushed and sieved. On the bottom of the hopper is a working body on which sieves, knives, a mill and unloading scrapers are fixed. A dustproof tent is mounted above the rotor.
Large blocks of fertilizer are broken by a mill. After complete grinding, the fertilizers are pieces with a diameter of not more than 5-7 mm, which wake up through the openings of the sieves.
Shredded tuki are manually raked from the bottom and fed to the rotor, which throws them into the pile. Those inclusions that cannot be crushed are discharged independently through the hopper window.
In addition to the above, the following brands of machines for applying mineral fertilizers are used:
- seeder SZTM-4N;
- car spreader KSA-3;
- centrifugal spreader PMC-6;
- MXA-7;
- STT-10;
- MVU-8B.
The use of liquid mineral fertilizers
Ammonia water has a lower cost per unit of active substance compared to ammonium nitrate - one of the most common forms of solid mineral fats. This is due to the fact that in its production some technological operations are not used. In addition, the introduction of this fat can be combined with such technological techniques as deep cultivation or cultivation.
Ammonia water and liquid ammonia must be introduced using special machines for applying liquid mineral fertilizers.
Their transportation is carried out using containers for transporting liquids, for example, cassettes 4500x2, having a capacity of 9000 liters. At the same time, it is installed in the body of an ordinary car.
The application of liquid mineral fertilizers can be made with trailed feed loaders -2000 or -4500. They are aggregated with chisel plows, rippers and cultivators.
Dosing of liquid mineral fertilizers is carried out by changing the pressure of the working solution or by selecting a calibrated nozzle. In such units, pressure, suction filters, additional filters for each section, and hydro mixers are located.
Using the applied chisel plows and cultivators, it is possible to uniformly embed liquid mineral fertilizers to the required depth, moreover, it can be up to 30 cm, which allows delivery of nitrogen under the root system of plants.
In addition to these units, for the same purpose, the ABA-8 machine can be used, which also allows them to be embedded in the soil, but has a smaller processing depth - up to 12 cm.
The first units considered are modern and inaccessible to most farms that are not large. Also, an ABA-0.5 machine can be used for these purposes. While moving around the field, the metering piston moves in and out, as a result of which ammonia enters the metering unit from the tank into the metering unit, from where it is pushed into the distributor. From there, it enters the tubes of the working bodies, after which it is embedded up to a depth of 14 cm. Ammonia is dosed here according to the established volume, flow density and pressure. The steam return method of refueling in a gas piping with a compressor contributes to increasing the productivity of the unit, but it worsens the working conditions of personnel and contributes to air pollution. Therefore, it is performed outside the village, on the edge of the field.
Such units have such working bodies that can fail during operation. Usually, one or two of these organs “drop out” of the process, in which case the rest are uniformly shifted. The working width is calculated and the application dose is adjusted.
There are machines for applying liquid fertilizers, not only mineral, but also organic, which will be discussed below.
Agricultural machinery for introducing organic fat
It includes two classes of equipment:
- Machines for applying liquid organic fertilizers.
- Units for solid.
In them, the capacity of the body is usually higher compared to that of similar spreaders of mineral fertilizers. This is due to the fact that organics are used in much larger doses.
Manure and compost spreaders work according to a similar technological scheme: the fertilizers are fed to the spreading device by a conveyor, they are crushed and scattered there.
Solid organics is introduced using the following technology:
- direct-flow, including two components: a farm and a field;
- transshipment, which includes the same two components, between which the collar wedges;
- biphasic.
The first of them is used if the same machines are used for transportation and application. The second is used to form collars along the edge of the field in free time, scattering them when necessary. Two-phase technology involves laying manure in certain heaps in a certain order based on the application rate, after which they are distributed by a rake-spreader over the field.
Solid Organic Technology
As well as for mineral tuks, there is a large number of equipment under consideration for their varieties derived from natural raw materials. The following are machines for applying solid organic fertilizers.
Using ROU-5, composts, peat, and manure are scattered. It can be used as a self-loading transport trailer when removing the spreading device and mounting the tailgate in its place.
It consists of scattering and grinding drums. The latter is installed below. He throws the incoming fertilizer through himself, loosens and crushes it. The spreading drum picks up the incoming mass, distributing it across the field.
The dose of organics is controlled by the speed of the conveyor.
The carrying capacity of the unit is 5 tons, the spreading width is up to 6 m.
In addition to it, there is another machine for applying organic fertilizers - PRT-10. Here, the conveyor has two branches, between which there is a triangular divider.
The dose of fertilizer is regulated by the selection of the necessary stars in the drive of the latter.
The carrying capacity of the machine is 10 tons, the working width is 5-6 m.
The RUN-15B machine is used to distribute organics from heaps that were staggered on the field. A swather is installed on the front linkage of the tractor, and a spreader on the rear. The first is supported on rollers, which can be adjusted in height. With its help, a continuous flow of fertilizers is formed. At the end of the converging sidewalls there is a metering window through which the passage of mass is carried out. Its width and height can be adjusted to ensure that a uniform roll is formed from the next pile.
Above the window is a pusher that destroys large clods and pushes organic matter. In the field, fertilizer is distributed by rotors having four blades.
On 1 ha, the unit can spread from 15 to 60 tons of organic matter.
In addition, surface scattering can be carried out using the 1-PTU-4 uniaxial semi-trailer. With its help, transportation and distribution of solid organics is carried out. On the body there is a spreading device.
Fertilizer is supplied by a chain-slat conveyor. The working width is up to 6 m. The spread is carried out by two screw drums. Grinding of them is the bottom. With its help, organics are thrown through it, loosened and crushed. The upper drum contributes to the distribution of fertilizers in the field. They rotate in the same direction, but at different speeds.
The dose is determined by the translational speed of the unit and the speed of the conveyor. On board the machine is a table indicating the approximate norms.
The carrying capacity of the unit is 4 tons, the spreading width is up to 6 m.
Aggregates for adding organic matter to the furrows
For intra-soil introduction of solid organic matter in the beds, the MLG-1 machine can be used. At the bottom of her body is a chain-slat conveyor, a hopper and a mass equalizer. In the lower part of the hopper there is a conveyor belt, hiller, furrower, chopping drum.
While moving across the field, furrows are cut on the soil surface using a furrower. Organics conveyor is fed to the grinding drum. Uniformity of supply is provided by the mass equalizer. With the help of a grinding drum, the organics is fed to a conveyor belt, from where it then enters the furrow. The latter is sealed with the help of a hiller.
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The RZhT-4 and 16 units, as well as the units of the MZhT, PZhT series, have a similar structure. They can be equipped with devices for intrasoil introduction of liquid organics.
The RZhU-3.6 slurry spreader, in addition to being used as a machine for applying liquid organic fertilizers, can be used to extinguish fires, wash cars, and also to refuel sprayers with pesticides.
The tank is mounted on the GAZ-53 chassis. A pressure-vacuum line is mounted on the front bottom of it and the car, which includes a vacuum pump, a hydraulic motor, a gearbox, an oil tank. Oil is supplied to the hydraulic cylinders and the hydraulic motor by a gear pump. A gearbox is connected to the hydraulic motor, which includes a paddle mixer in the tank and a vacuum pump.
In addition to the loading neck, the barrel has a safety device. After filling it, the float pops up, and with the help of its rod the ignition is turned off.
In order to introduce organics or fill the tank, excessive pressure or vacuum is created in it.
The application is carried out using the shutter and reflector shield. The dose of application is regulated by jets inserted into the cylindrical part of the shutter having different openings. The jet emerging from it hits the reflector and is converted into a liquid fan, the width of which is regulated by the dynamics of the angle of inclination of the reflector.
The width of the capture band is up to 8 m, the tank capacity is 3.4 cubic meters.
Finally
Fertilizer machines are designed to replace human manual labor during this operation. In relation to mineral fertilizers, spreaders and seeders with fertilizer machines are used. Units are also used for top dressing in liquid form. They are considered more effective than solid ones. Organic fertilizers can be scattered simultaneously by a single machine, carrying out transportation, or selected by spreaders from pre-formed heaps. There are many brands of machines that are characterized by a similar device and operating principle compared to those described.