Great spelling difficulty is caused by vowels, which are called connecting. “O” and “e” in complex words are often overlooked, as a result of which mistakes are made. It is noteworthy that there are no other letters connecting the two bases.
Definition
If the word consists of two or more bases - it will be called complex. For example, agricultural (agriculture), meat and dairy (meat and milk), scientific and technical (science and technology), chronicler (write chronicles).
Compound words in the Russian language appeared at the present stage of development during the period of an abundance of information, because this allows you to fit several concepts into one word.
Phenomena when more than two roots are used in the formation of a compound word are quite rare. For example, cycling.
Education and spellings
Complex words can be formed in various ways. Their spelling will depend on this. We will analyze the most popular:
- Addition of complete fundamentals: sofa book, rocking chair, left-bank, reinforced concrete, instant. These words can be formed with the help of composing and subordinate connections. We will talk about the differences in the spelling of such constructions later.
- The addition of truncated foundations: special correspondent, drama club, youngster. Both bases can be truncated (a young naturalist is a young naturalist), and either one can be: a travel agency (travel agency - the first base has been cut, and the second unchanged).
- You can form a compound word using connecting vowels. In Russian there are only two of them - "o", "e". The words poultry farm, Old Russian, homebody, waterfall, atomic boat are formed in this way.
- Complicated words include abbreviations, by the way, the youngest way to form words. For example, the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russian Academy of Sciences), a university (a higher educational institution), and a nuclear power plant (nuclear power plant).
Complex words are written in Russian together or through a hyphen: haymaking, railway, evergreen, boarding school, dynamo machine, raincoat-tent. The use of one or another method depends on the formation of a particular word.
Words with a connecting "o"
We will analyze when the connective "o", "e" are used in complex words. Examples when it is necessary to write "o" are as follows:
- railway;
- factory;
- forest steppe;
- national liberation;
- reinforced concrete.
In all these words, the first base ends in a solid consonant, and therefore the use of the connective "o" is required.
Words with connective "e"
Now you should parse complex words with a connecting vowel e. Examples are:
- Old Russian;
- a pedestrian;
- vegetable store;
- birders;
- a skin
- cook;
- hostel;
- traveler;
- windbreak;
- rain gauge.
All these words are united by the fact that the first base ends in a soft consonant (rain gauge, Old Russian), hissing (dormitory, pedestrian, cook) or on "c" (birders). Therefore, in such words you should write a connecting "e".
Fundamentals Options
Sometimes the connecting “o” and “e” are not used in compound words: they are replaced by parts of derived stems. We will analyze such cases.
- The word is formed from a combination of an adverb with the name adjective: little explored, evergreen, highly negative, ominously proud. Here the "o" and "e" are not connecting vowels, but suffixes.
- The first part is a verb in an imperative mood: a werewolf, tumbleweed.
- The word is a hue of color. Accordingly, the suffix -a - / - I- is used to communicate the basics: Izhelt-red, blue-black.
When the connecting vowel is not needed
In the Russian language there are many cases when the connecting "o" and "e" in complex words are completely unnecessary. This occurs in the following cases:
- If the first producing basis is a numeral in the form of a genitive case: two-sleeping, five-day, two-don. In this case, there are suffixes homonymous to the endings of the form of the genitive case.
- In some cases, the word is formed without these vowels simply by adding the basics. For example, compare the words "psychotherapy" and "psychasthenia." In the first case, the word has a connecting "o", and in the second the letter "a" is the initial in the word "asthenia".
- Sometimes the first productive basis is the initial form of the noun: the stalk (but: the seed store), the flame-ejecting (but: the flame carrier).
- Also, the first producing base may be in the form of any case. So, all words with the first part of suma and mind will be written without connecting vowels: insane, crazy.
- Many parts are words of foreign origin: air, auto, motorcycle, photo, electro, quasi- and others. Here, regardless of the hardness / softness of the previous consonant, the initial vowel remains: quasi-interesting, electric motor, aircraft modeling, motoclub.
- Complex words should be distinguished from simple ones. So, in the word "electrification" there is only one root, electro-. Everything behind it is a suffix and an ending. Another thing is the words "electric carrier", "electrician", "electric motor". They already have two fundamentals, one of which is electro.
Spelling Compound Words
The connective "o" and "e" in compound words can be used both for their continuous spelling, and for the hyphen. Consider the use of a hyphen.
Compound words can be made using a composing and subordinate connection. If they are formed by the first case, they will be written with a hyphen. In other words, a union of “and” can easily be put between the parts. Let's analyze examples, for this it is necessary to compose complex words: sofa and bed - sofa bed; scientific and technical - scientific and technical; Russian and English - Russian-English; factory and factory - factory; meat and milk - meat and milk; military medical - military and medical and others.
Compound words (nouns and adjectives) with the meaning of the cardinal points: Western European, Southeast, Northeast.
Words that convey shades of flowers: raspberry-gold, gray-brown-brown, light green, purple-blue.
If the word is formed on behalf of its own: Leo-Tolstoy style, Walter-Scott ideas, New York stock exchange. The exception is made up of geographical names formed from the phrase noun and adjective: Velikiye Luki - Velikiye Luki, Sergiev Posad - Segsevoposadsky, Old Russia - Old Russian.
Words - scientific and technical terms: dynamo machine, vacuum dryer, diesel electrode, stopcock, filter press.
Words - designations of political parties and movements: vice-mayor, liberal-democratic, social-democrat, national-socialist.
A word with a value judgment in the first part: grief-wife, shirt-guy, sweetheart-daughter, good-looking son.
If the first producing base is the designation of a Latin letter: alpha male, beta carotene, gamma radiation.
Together, it is necessary to write complex words formed with the help of a subordinate connection: timber processing (to process the forest), old-Moscow (old Moscow), chronicler (to write the annals), milk processing (to process milk), logging (logging).