The suffixless method of word formation is different from others. This is shown clearly in the illustration.
Many sources do not say anything about him; he is not singled out as an independent way of forming words. However, at the exam, knowledge of its method is required. Therefore, you need to know about it. In any case, every graduate of the school should be able to find words in the text that are educated in a non-suffix way. To begin the formation of this skill, you need to practice the skill of word-formation analysis.
Word formation analysis
It is made according to the plan, during which it is determined:
- What is the lexical meaning of the word?
- What word was formed from?
- With what help was formed?
- How was it formed?
If you analyze the word "quiet", you need to answer the questions above:
- The lexical meaning of the word is “state of silence”.
- Formed from the word "silence."
- Formed by trimming the suffix.
- A wayless way.
Thus, we parse the words from the statement in the picture:
“Smooth surface” - smooth - gla [d´] - non-suffix
“Divine” - God - god [y´] a - suffixal
“Grace” - gracious - grace [t´] - non-suffix
As you can see, not all words that do not have a suffix are formed by cutting off this morpheme.
Wordless formation method
In this way words are formed using the null suffix. What does it mean?
Suffix is called zero, which is not expressed either in speech or in writing, but its absence is significant - it forms a new word or word form.
Such a suffix can be denoted by Ø.
For example, using the zero suffix, words are formed - professionalisms: lining, firing. Too many vernacular words are formed in this way: mortality, attack.
Similar words in our time are quickly spreading through the media: constructive, positive, intimate , etc.
Words that are formed in a non-suffix way often have the meanings of a person: extreme, fan, theatergoer, informal , etc.
Do not confuse the zero formative suffix with the zero layering suffix.
Shaping Null Suffix
Only verbs have such a suffix and it serves to form the verb:
- masculine past tense: drove - drove Ø;
- conditional mood: would dry - dry would;
- imperative: sitt.
Derivative Zero Suffix
It has words formed in a non-suffix way. Most often it happens in nouns, sometimes in adjectives, numerals, adverbs.
There are two conditions under which Ø stands out.
- must have a synonym - non-zero suffix: wilderness - deserted [ye];
- has a producing word: the wilderness is deaf, for example, the word “gam” has no producing word, this word is not derivative, it has no suffix, even zero.
Nouns with zero derivational suffixes
A noun formed in a non-suffix way is derived from
- the abstract meaning of the action: jump - jump Ø, walk - move Ø, run - run Ø;
- the objective meaning or the meaning of the person who performs the action: to rise - shoots, to drive - leader Ø, (to crack ice) - icebreaker, (to cook steel) - steelmaker;
- the significance of the place of action : to undermine - to undermine Ø, to fill in - to fill in Ø, to drive up - to drive up Ø, to retract - to retract Ø;
- the meaning of the object or result of the action: to pour - to pour Ø, to give - gift Ø, to blow - explosion Ø;
- the abstract meaning of the attribute: quiet - quiet Ø, smooth - smooth Ø, deep - deep Ø;
- the meaning of the sign carrier: intelligent - intelligent Ø, Kuril - KurilØy, ship - ship Ø;
- the meaning of the person performing the action: grief to mumble - the wretched, to serve - the attendant.
- the meaning of the female being: kum - kumØa, fox - fist;
- collective meaning: black - black Ø, shoots - shoot Ø;
- The meaning of the creature at the place of residence: sacristy.
Adjectives with zero derivational suffixes
Words of various parts of speech form adjectives to which the non-suffix method is applied, examples are given below:
- with a common meaning: weekdays - weekday, gold - goldenth;
- with the meaning of the absence of anything: without a tail - tailless Ø, without a head - headless Ø th;
- with the meaning of belonging: father - father, eagle - bird;
- from verbs with the meaning of the attribute according to the action: call in - call in;
- from adjectives and adverbs with the meaning of a superior degree of attribute: below is inferior, bitter is pottery.
Numerals with zero derivational suffixes
A non-suffix method of education is rarely applied to the numerals ; examples are therefore few in number: five are the fifth, six are the sixth . All these words are formed according to the same principle: from a quantitative numeral , a qualitative one is formed.
Adverbs with zero derivational suffixes
The suffixless method is rarely applied to adverbs:
- zero suffix is in some dialects formed by the prefix: swim - swim Ø, bottom - down Ø;
- the null suffix forms some adverbs, with the value of the state: sorry - sorry.
Most common words formed in a non-suffix way
Of all words formed using the zero suffix, nouns are found more often than other words in the Russian language. It is they who are used by examiners to test the knowledge of graduates. Therefore, it is advisable to complete the topic "The Absolute Way" by an alphabetical list of nouns that are most often found in the tasks of the Unified State Examination and the State Examination.
"A"
analyze - analysis.
"IN"
import - import; enter - input; look - look; sigh - sigh; take off - take off; swing a swing; meet - meeting; sob - sob; throw - throw; dislocate - dislocation; output - output; reprimand - reprimand; exhale - exhale; to call is a challenge; shout out - shout out; release - release; cut - cut; to sow - to sow; shoot - a shot; exhaust - exhaust; to speak - a ledge; subtract - deduction; exit - exit.
"D"
to bring - an argument; to agree - an agreement; report - report; speculation - speculation; to inform - denunciation; allow - admission; search - search; trembling - trembling.
"E"
Ride - Ride.
"3"
to run - run; hammer - slaughter; pick up - the fence; caring is caring; fill up - blockage; curtain - the curtain; envy - envy; to start - a plant; import - import; sunbathing - tanning; bend - bend; to drive - a corral; to call in - check-in; clamp - clamp; order - order; roll up - order; to lie down - fallow; flood - the bay; to pledge - a pledge; to swing - swing; knead - knead; to dry - drought; rings - ringing.
"AND"
wriggle - twist, bend - bend; break - break; change - treason; wear - wear; import - import; to confess - confession; to frighten - fright; proceed - the outcome;
"TO"
peck - peck; slander - slander; glue - glue; brand - brand; outline - abstract.
"L"
catching - catching; to break - scrap.
"M"
wave - max;
"N"
dial - dial; to hang - a canopy; heat - heat; endow - endowed; to supervise - supervision; tear - tear; push - push; roll - roll; to scale - scale; tilt - tilt; to fly - a raid; pour - pouring; hint - a hint; apply - deposit; float - an influx; to grow - growth; to dress up - an outfit.
"ABOUT"
to defend - defense; trim - trim; break - break; harness - rite; shelling - shelling; describe - inventory; lean - support; frame - frame; interrogate - interrogation; navigate - a landmark; besiege - siege; grin - grin; answer - answer; guard - guard.
"P"
bust - bust; fracture - fracture; change - change; transfer - transfer; to break - a fracture; to cross - crossing; to beat - the surf; transfer - transfer; overspending - overspending; retell - retelling; revise - revision; intercept - interception; win - victory; repeat - repeat; chase - chase; mow - mowing; cover - cover; read - honor; to spare - mercy; to block - a barrier; greet - hello; to sentence - a sentence; to come - arrival; accept - receive, order - order; apply - butt; to mix - an admixture; note - omen, spare - mercy, spin - yarn ;.
"R"
run up - take off; disassemble - analysis;
"FROM"
To whistle is a whistle; bend - bend; conspiracy - conspiracy; shift - shift; mow - bevel; rattle - rattle; creak - creak; miss - boredom; flock - gathering; to break - to break; change - change; mix - a mixture; look - look; to understand is the meaning; equip - a shell;
"T"
bullying - bullying; brake - brake; to tremble - awe; crackle - crackle.
"U"
to clean - a piece of clothing; to get burned - burn out; to negotiate - an agreement; hit - hit; to give is the inheritance; stack - stack; prick - an injection; bite - bite; to convict - evidence; pay - pay; rebuke - rebuke; drop - damage; to serve is a service, to lose is a loss; to leave - leaving.
"X"
give praise - praise; laughter - laughter; crunch - crunch.
"Sh"
rustle - rustle.
The suffixless method, examples of which are given above, is, as we see, a fairly common phenomenon in the Russian language.