The organization of the country's land management system is impossible without practical land management tools. For this, geodetic means of providing and monitoring the land cadastre are used. The control boundary network (OMS), which is built in the local coordinate system but also part of the overall geodetic infrastructure, acts as the control object of this structure.
Basic provisions on the status of CHI
The MHI infrastructure qualifies as a special purpose geodetic functional network, which is created in order to coordinate the provision of the land cadastre. Within the framework of state control, MHI data can be used for a wide range of land fund management activities. As stated in the basic provisions on the reference boundary network, its design and development is the responsibility of the staff of the land cadastre service of the Russian Federation at the federal level. Directly measures for the technical creation of infrastructure can be implemented by legal entities and individuals who have the appropriate license from Roszemkadastra. The supervisory function for this type of work is carried out by the cadastral service and its territorial structures.
The main purpose of the compulsory medical insurance
The development of CHI systems is designed to solve the following problems:
- Maintaining state. register of cadastral lands by districts, districts, quarters and on-duty planned maps.
- Formation of a coordinate network within the framework of cadastral territories - districts, districts, quarters, etc.
- Monitoring the use, condition and protection of land.
- Work on cadastral land management, monitoring, land surveying and coordinate support of the registry.
- Organization of soil protection, environmental protection and restoration measures. The provisions of the reference boundary network also prescribe a protective function regarding the category of especially valuable lands. Based on the coordinate data of land surveying, technological maps of natural landscapes are developed with the designation of the rules for the exploitation of land within the specified limits.
- Information support of the land cadastre with information on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of land. These data allow you to set the cost of plots, fees for their use, etc.
- Setting the boundaries of plots whose lands are subject to technological and geological influences.
- Land inventory.
Classification of CHI systems by structure
Different means and methods can be used in the construction of boundary networks, which ultimately determine the nature of their structural structure. In this regard, the following varieties of CHI can be distinguished:
- Spatial Networks. The development uses space geodesy tools in three coordinates superimposed on the geocentric coordinate system. Spatial geodetic infrastructure with printed objects can be fixed both on a space object and on the earth's surface.
- Scheduled Networks. All points in this system have longitudes, latitudes and flat coordinates in the ellipsoid system. At the base is formed the same geodetic reference boundary network. Its classification by construction methods provides for the division into methods of triangulation, trilateration, vector and linear-angular measurements.
- Leveling networks. An intermediate variety of networks in the development of which traditional measurement methods are applied, but at a new level of accuracy. In particular, high-precision means of geometric leveling are involved.
Classification of MHI systems by scope
Geodetic networks in the survey system can be built at different scales, which largely determines the requirements for the construction tools used. In this case, the following types of CHI can be distinguished:
- Global. The coordinates are fixed in the geocentric system, and between the plotted points the distance can be hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Such networks are created for both practical and scientific purposes. The fundamental difference is the ability to determine global geodynamic processes and tracking objects in outer space with high accuracy.
- Regional networks. Determine the nature of continental geodetic land surveying.
- State. They can also be used for scientific and practical tasks, but within the same country, which determines the name of the national or state geodetic network. The reference boundary networks of a given scale, in turn, may contain leveling, planning, and gravimetric networks.
- Local. The internal structure of land surveying within the borders of a single country. It is implemented according to different schemes depending on the specific approach of a particular state. In Russia, for example, local networks are built on the basis of state networks and serve to solve engineering and cartographic problems on a city, district or other small settlement scale.
Accuracy of OMS systems
Depending on the specific purpose of the network, its accuracy can vary within different limits. For urban networks, this indicator is characterized by mean square errors as applied to the relative position of neighboring points. This value is no more than 5-10 cm. In terms of the very need for the accuracy of the reference boundary networks, it is worth highlighting two of their varieties of local scale:
- 1 - systems reflecting the urban massif and designed to set the boundaries of the territory of a particular settlement. In some cases, the location of the property is also reflected.
- 2 - defines the boundaries of other settlements within agricultural lands. Based on such networks, boundary maps and terrain plans are created.
In both cases, the degree of accuracy is laid down initially in the survey project and depends on the nature of the tasks.
Stages of the creation of compulsory medical insurance
On the initiative of the relevant control authorities, a task is formulated to create a geodetic network for a specific purpose. Next, the workflow is performed according to the following algorithm:
- Development of a technological map for the creation of compulsory medical insurance on the basis of the task.
- Preparation and study of available cartographic and geodetic data for a specific object where it is planned to carry out work.
- Development of a design solution. At this point, a topographic plan should be prepared with a general network diagram and location of points. The design data are directly reflected in the project and a scientific and technical report on the development of the network is compiled.
- Reconnaissance. The procedure for updating the project data on the ground.
- Setting the boundaries of the reference boundary network in accordance with the requirements of the task.
- Fixing an object in a coordinate system.
Design of compulsory medical insurance
Project development is one of the most critical stages of creating a boundary network, in which not only technical tasks are formulated, but also the method of building the infrastructure is determined. In particular, today, astronomical and traditional methods of creating OMS with the use of new technologies and means of positioning are used. The list of tasks for designing a reference boundary network includes the determination of the most effective, from the point of view of compliance with the task, and economically justified method of constructing a geodetic system. For this, calculations are made with the justification for choosing a particular action plan in accordance with the requirements of the network.
The procedure for constructing compulsory medical insurance
The technology involves the implementation of several stages, in parallel with which the supervisory function of monitoring the quality of work is organized. So, the creation of a reference boundary network is implemented in the following order:
- Development of a plan, reconnaissance and technical organization of work (zero cycle).
- Bookmark points of the compulsory medical insurance and placement of signs of land surveying.
- Production of geodetic measurements.
- Implementation of field work, calculations and assessment of the quality of measurements.
- Processing the results.
- Drawing up a coordinate list with items of compulsory medical insurance and compiling a reference for the work done.
Fixing points of local medical insurance on the ground
In the cadastral register, a land survey network exists only in the form of documentation. In recent years, data has been stored in digital graphic form. However, there is no point in developing a boundary network if it cannot be found directly on the ground. For the natural designation of points, the signs of the reference boundary network are used, which can indicate the passage of borders or act as the so-called stabilization center of the object. These can be underground and ground, permanent or temporary informing elements of infrastructure, which are placed in accordance with the data of zoning maps. A sign with a marking, a plate or even a natural object can be used as a sign.
The use of satellite systems in the construction of the compulsory medical insurance
In the most advanced methods of creating compulsory medical insurance, global satellite navigation is used today. Using the tools of this technology, in particular, state satellite networks are formed, including several levels with distances between objects from 5 to 800 km. The most ambitious level involves the creation of a fundamental astronomical and geodetic reference network. Surveying is carried out on relative measurements, therefore, errors can vary within wide limits. The most accurate models allow error values of up to several centimeters.
Conclusion
Russian geodetic systems are largely based on the initial data of the Soviet era. Since 2002, the process of updating the boundary infrastructure has been launched with a clear division into classes and topographic ranges. To date, the supporting boundary networks FAGS, GHS, GHS, etc. are actively developing. Each of these systems contains arrays with points fixed in a geocentric coordinate system. At the same time, more accurate modern coordinate representation systems like SK-42 and SK-95 are introduced. As for the purpose of the updated networks, their main task is still a practical engineering function, and on a larger scale, the data of the MHI are used to study the vertical mobility of the earth and determine the altitude levels.